Pathophysiologic Basis of Acid-Base Disorders

Chapter 0: Basics Calculation with powersMultiplication and division of numbers having the same base, BPowers raised to powersLogarithmDefinitionChemical equilibriumEquilibrium constantThings to remember

Chapter 1: ABCs of acid-base chemistryIonizing of waterpH, pOH, pK, pKwAcids and basesBuffersBuffering actionTitration and titration curveAmino acids as buffersThings to remember

Chapter 2: Gas lawsPressure and partial pressure of a gasDalton's law of partial pressureComposition of alveolar airGas-liquid equilibriumHenry's lawThings to remember

Chapter 3: What happens in a personPulmonary ventilation, perfusion, and blood-gas exchangeRegional distribution of ventilationPerfusionRegional variation in the matching of ventilation and perfusionBlood-gas interface and gas exchangeRespiratory quotientAlveolar air compositionCarriage of O2 by the bloodOxyhemoglobin dissociation curveFactors affecting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curveCarriage of carbon dioxideControl of respirationBuffersBone as a bufferRenal regulation of extracellular hydrogen ion concentrationBicarbonate reabsorptionAddition of new bicarbonate to the plasma and renal excretion of acidThings to remember

Chapter 4: Introduction to acid-base chemistry and arterial blood gasesTerminologyBedside approach to a patient with a suspected acid-base disorderIndications for arterial blood gas analysisObtaining the sampleAllen's testComplications of arterial puncture and cannulationAnalysis of the sampleVenous blood gas analysisAnion gapBase excess (BE)Normal valuesBicarbonate spaceSystemic effects of acidemiaSystemic effects of alkalemiaThings to remember

Chapter 5:Respiratory acidosis and alkalosisDefinitionCauses of respiratory acidosis and alkalosisMechanisms in respiratory acidosisAcute phase of respiratory acidosisChronic phase of respiratory acidosisClinical manifestations of respiratory acidosisDiagnosis of respiratory acidosisTreatment of respiratory acidosisMechanisms in respiratory alkalosisAcute phase of respiratory alkalosisChronic phase of respiratory alkalosisClinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosisDiagnosis of respiratory alkalosisTreatment of respiratory alkalosisThings to remember

Chapter 6: Metabolic acidosis and alkalosisDefinitionPathogenesis and compensatory mechanismsMetabolic acidosisMetabolic alkalosisCauses of metabolic acidosisOver-production of fixed acidsLoss of buffer stores (bicarbonate wasting)Decreased normal acid excretionCauses of metabolic alkalosisSystemic manifestations of metabolic acidosisSystemic manifestations of metabolic alkalosisDiagnosis of metabolic acidosisTreatment of metabolic acidosisComplications of sodium bicarbonate therapyDiagnosis of metabolic alkalosisTreatment of metabolic alkalosisSaline (chloride) responsive alkalosisSaline (chloride) unresponsive alkalosisThings to remember

Chapter 7: Mixed disordersIntroduction and diagnostic proceduresClinical approach to mixed acid-base disordersMixed acid-base disordersMixed metabolic and respiratory acidosisTreatmentMixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosisTreatmentMixed metabolic acidosisMixed hyperchloremic (normal AG) and high AG metabolic acidosisMixed high AG metabolic acidosisMixed hyperchloremic (normal AG) metabolic acidosisMixed metabolic acidosis and alkalosisMixed metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosisMixed metabolic and respiratory alkalosisMixed acute and chronic respiratory acidosis or alkalosisTriple acid-base disordersThings to remember

Chapter 8: Arterial blood gasHypoxia and its causesVentilation-perfusion mismatchBlood shuntHypoventilationThickening of blood-gas interfaceOxyhemoglobin dissociation curveThings to remember

The book is a concise and informative text about acid-base disorders. The book begins with very simple mathematics, chemistry, and physiological concepts and smoothly connects these to various aspects of acid-base disturbances and blood gas disorders through many simple-to-understand case-based examples. It covers various important topics such as respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, mixed disorders, arterial blood gas, etc. All chapters end with a simple take-home summary facilitating better understanding and recall value. This book showcases practical text important at all levels of medical education, right from a basic science student to an attending physician/surgeon. Students, interns, residents, fellows, and attending physicians working in a broad range of clinical settings, particularly anesthesiology, surgery, and critical care can find this book helpful.

Author Information

Farrokh Habibzadeh is a general practitioner and author of more than 150 peer-reviewed articles and 6 book chapters. He has been involved in biomedical research, scientific writing, and editorship craft since 30 years ago. He was the Editor of The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine for 11 years.

Mahboobeh Yadollahie is a general practitioner and author of more than 50 peer-reviewed articles and 3 book chapters. She has been involved in biomedical research and scientific writing since 15 years ago. She was the Deputy Editor of The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine for 11 years.

Parham Habibzadeh graduated from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences with first class honors. He is the author of more than 40 peer-reviewed articles and has received many national and international awards including an Honorary Diploma from the Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences. Currently, he is the Director of the R&D Department, Persian BayanGene Research and Training Center.