Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, Vol. 7: General Overviews, Head and Neck Cancer and Thyroid Cancer

About this book

The seventh volume of the series, Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, discusses General Methods, Overviews, Head and Neck Cancer, and Thyroid Cancer. As in the other six volumes of the series, these subjects are discussed in detail. This fully illustrated volume presents overviews in

• Radio-immunotherapy in Cancer
• Multidrug Resistance
• Cancer Biomarkers
• Role of Antibodies in Cancer Treatment
• Classification of Cancer Stage Using Patient’s Immune System
• Cancer Stem Cells

General methods discussed are

• Translating In Vitro Cell Lines Result into Clinical Practice
• Late Relapse of Germ Cell Malignancies
• Role of RNA Interference in Understanding the Molecular Bases of Cancer
• Incorporating Pharmacogenomics into Cancer Therapy
• Tumor Angiogenesis in Cancer
• Spindle Cell Oncocytoma of the Adenohypophysis
• Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity
• Disseminated Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
• Unknown Lymphadenopathy

In part 2 of this volume Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Early Stage Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Salivary Gland Tumors, Retinoblastoma, Tongue Cancer Metastasis, Role of Human Papilloma Virus in Tonsillar Cancer and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma are discussed.

Part 3 discusses in detail Thyroid Carcinoma, including Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma,Molecular Genetics of the Thyroid, Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, PET Imaging in Thyroid carcinoma, Thyroid Cancer and Markers for Diagnosis, Metastasized Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, and Prognostic Factors in Thyroid Carcinoma.

The information presented in this volume should help in the development of novel, more effective therapeutic approaches for the treatment of head and neck cancer and thyroid cancer.

Professor Hayat has summarized the problems associated with the complexities of research publications and has been successful in editing a must-read volume for oncologists, cancer researchers, medical teachers and students of cancer biology.

Written for: Oncologists, clinicians, surgeons, medical teachers, hospital laboratories, medical students, drug industry and libraries

Keywords: Oncology

Table of contents

PART I. GENERAL METHODS AND OVERVIEWS

Diagnosis

1. ROLE OF RNA INTERFERENCE IN UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF CANCER; Jeffrey P. MacKeigan and Alex Gaither

MECHANISM OF RNA INTERFERENCE
RNA INTERFERENCE AS A CELL BASED SCREENING TOOL
RNA INTERFERENCE TO UNDERSTAND COMPOUND MECHANISM OF ACTION
COMPOUND SENSITIZATION, COMBINATION STRATEGIES AND SYNTHETIC LETHAL RNA INTERFERENCE SCREENS
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RNA INTERFERENCE BASED APPROACHES
REFERENCES

2. CANCER BIOMARKERS (AN OVERVIEW); William C.S. Cho

INTRODUCTION
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR CANCER BIOMARKER DISCOVERY
DNA Microarray
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression
MicroRNA Microarray
Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Free Flow Electrophoresis
Capillary Electrophoresis
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Linear Ion Trap Quadrupole-Orbitrap
Imaging Mass Spectrometry
Isotope-Coded Affinity Tags
Multiple Reaction Monitoring
Absolute Quantification of Proteins
Protein Microarray
Tissue Array
Bioinformatics
CURRENTLY USED CANCER BIOMARKERS
BIOMARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANCERS
Genomic-based Biomarkers in Cancer
Transcriptomic-based Biomarkers in Cancer
Proteomic-based Biomarkers in Cancer
BIOMARKERS FOR THE TREATMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CANCERS
Genomic-based Biomarkers in Cancer
Transcriptomic-based Biomarkers in Cancer
Proteomic-based Biomarkers in Cancer
BIOMARKERS FOR THE PROGNOSIS OF CANCERS
Genomic-based Biomarkers in Cancer
Transcriptomic-based Biomarkers in Cancer
Proteomic-based Biomarkers in Cancer
CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES

3. TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS IN CANCERS: EXPRESSION OF CD105 MARKER; Osamu Tokunaga, Rahmawati Minhajat, and Daisuke Mori

INTRODUCTION
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS
DETECTION OF THE ENDOTHELIUM IMMUNOHISTOLOGY
Antigenecity Retrieval
Immunohistology
SIMULTANEOUS MASS AND COMPARATIVE STUDY: TISSUE ARRAY
SPECIFIC MARKERS FOR VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM IN TUMORS
Angiogenesis
CD105/ENDOGLIN ENDOTHELIAL MARKER SPECIFIC FOR NEWLY
FORMED BLOOD VESSELS
CD105 AND VASCULOGENESIS
ORGAN SPECIFICITY OF CD105 POSITIVE TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS
APPLICATION OF CD105 FOR ANTI-ANGIOGENIC CANCER THERAPY
REFERENCES

4. SPINDLE CELL ONCOCYTOMA OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS: INTEGRATED CLINICOPATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS BY IMAGING, HISTOLOGY, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; Istvan Vajtai and Rahel Sahli

INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
IMAGING ASPECTS
HISTOLOGY AND IMMUNOPHENOTYPE
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC AND PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS
DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES

5. DISSEMINATED CARCINOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY SITE: DETECTION WITH F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; Pascal Sève and John R. Mackey

INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

6. UNKNOWN LYMPHADENOPATHY: DIAGNOSIS USING AN ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION; Ichiro Yasuda

INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
DIAGNOSTIC YIELD
REFERENCES

Therapy

7. PRETARGETED RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY IN CANCER: AN OVERVIEW; Stefano Papi, Chiara Maria Grana, Mirco Bartolomei, Laura Ravasi, Marta Cremonesi, Mahila Ferrari, Luigi Martano, Lucia Garaboldi, Marco Chinol, and Giovanni Paganelli

INTRODUCTION
THERAPEUTIC RADIOISOTOPES
LIMITATIONS OF CLASSICAL RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY IN
SOLID TUMORS
PRETARGETING APPROACH
AVIDIN-BIOTIN SYSTEM
Avidin-Biotin Pretargeting in Glioma
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

8. CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY; Sussana B. Park and Mathew C. Kiernan

INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF NEUROTOXICITY
INCIDENCE OF NEUROTOXICITY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NEUROTOXICITY
CLINICAL EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEUROTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPIES
Taxanes
Cisplatin
Vincea alkaloids
Other Neurotoxic Chemotherapies
OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Oxaliplatin
Assessment of Oxaliplatin-Induced Neurotoxicity
Nerve Excitability Studies in Oxaliplatin Neuropathy
Future Directions and Neuroprotections
REFERENCES

9. MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; Ernesto Yagüe and Selina Raguz

INFLUENCE OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO TRADITIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY
Intracellular Drug Activation
Detoxifying Systems
DNA Repair
Cell Death Regulation
Membrane Proteins
CELLULAR MODELS TO STUDY DRUG RESISTANCE
Leukemic K562 Cells as a Model to Study Multi-Drug Resistance
ANIMAL MODELS TO STUDY DRUG RESISTANCE
CANCER STEM CELLS AND DRUG RESISTANCE
DRUG RESISTANCE IN THE CLINIC
REVERSAL OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN THE CLINICAL SETTING
REFERENCES

10. ROLE OF ANTIBODIES IN CANCER TREATMENT: AN OVERVIEW; Huguette Albrecht

INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE OF AN ANTIBODY
RECOMBINANT ANTIBODIES
Chimeric and Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibody Fragments
Antibody Fragments Combinatorial Libraries
PHARMACOKINETICS OF ANTIBODIES
TUMOR ANTIGENS
MANUFACTURING OF ANTIBODIES
MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF THERAPEUTIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
TOXICITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THERAPEUTIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
THERAPEUTIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES CURRENTLY LICENSED
Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies
Anti-CD33 Monoclonal Antibody
Anti-CD52 Monoclonal Antibody
Anti-HER-2 Monoclonal Antibody
Anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibodies
Anti-VEGF Monoclonal Antibody
THERAPEUTIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND ANTIBODY TARGETED THERAPEUTICS UNDER INVESTIGATION
Clinical Evaluation
Preclinical Evaluation
REFERENCES

11. INCORPORATING PHARMACOGENOMICS INTO CANCER THERAPY; Wooin Lee and Craig Lockhart

INTRODUCTION
CURRENT USE OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IN CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
Thiopurine Methyltransferase (TPMT)
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)
Other Pharmacogenomic Markers in Clinical Investigation
Drug-metabolizing Enzymes
Transporter Proteins
Drug Target, Pathway Genes
DNA Repair Genes
METHODOLOGY
Genotyping Assays
Different Approaches in Pharmacogenomics
IMPLEMENTATION OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES

12. CANCER STEM CELLS: AN OVERVIEW; Eiichi Morii and Katsuyuki Aozasa

INTRODUCTION
CANCER STEM CELLS: CONCEPT
ISOLATION OF CANCER STEM CELLS
ORIGIN OF CANCER STEM CELLS
EPIGENETICS AND CANCER STEM CELLS
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES

13. TRANSLATING IN VITRO CELL LINES RESULT INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE; Jai Prakash Mehta, Lorraine O’Driscoll, Niall Barron, Martin Clynes and Padraig Doolan

INTRODUCTION
HOW CELL LINES ARE GENERATED
TYPES OF CELL CULTURE
SELECTION BIAS
SELECTION PRESSURE
CELL LINE PREFERENCE AND AVAILABILITY
CROSS-CONTAMINATION
MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION
HANDLING ERRORS
NEW INSIGHT: MICROARRAY GENE-EXRESSION PROFILING OF
TUMOURS AND CELL LINES
REFERENCES

Prognosis

14. CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER STAGE USING PATIENT’S IMMUNE SYSTEM; Domenico Adorno, Patrizia Pellegrini, Ida Contasta, Anna Maria Berghella, and Tiziana Del Beato

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR CANCER STAGE
TH1/TH2/TH3/HT17 CYTOKINE PHYSIOLOGICAL NETWORK IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES
TH1/TH2/TH3/HT17 CYTOKINE NETWORK: IMMUNO SYSTEM
METHOD TO STUDY THE TH1/TH2/TH3/HT17 CYTOKINE NETWORK
PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR STAGE CLASSIFICATION
DISEASE STAGE INDICES IN COLORECTAL CANCER
REFERENCES

15. LATE RELAPSE OF GERM CELL MALIGNANCIES: INCIDENCE, MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS; Jan Oldenburg and Sophie D. Fosså

INTRODUCTION
INCIDENCE
SEMINOMA CLINICAL STAGE I
SEMINOMA CLINICAL STAGE > I
NONSEMINOMA CLINICAL STAGE I
NONSEMINOMA CLINICAL STAGE > I
DETECTION AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND SURVIVAL
Seminoma
Nonseminoma
REFERENCES

PART II. HEAD AND NECK CANCER

16. HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: THERAPY WITH FUSARIC ACID/PACLITAXEL; Brendan C. Stack, Jr., Brett Clarke, Joshua McElderry, Yeumeng Dai, and Jian-Hui Ye

INTRODUCTION
A NEW CLASS OF AGENTS FOR HEAD AND NECK CANCER
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Fusaric Acid
Picolinic Acid
A NEW TARGET IN THE HEAD AND NECK CANCER CELL
Zinc Finger Proteins
Metallopanstimulin
Metallopanstimulin-1
EVIDENCE FOR FUSARIC ACID AS A NEW HEAD AND NECK CANCER THERAPY
Docetaxol Carboplatin
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Tarceva
Terminal Nick End Label
REFERENCES

17. EARLY STAGE ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: USE OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 3 AS A RISK FACTOR FOR POOR DIAGNOSIS; Neelam.G. Shah and T.I. Trivedi

INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND ACTIVATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION
ACTIVATION OF STAT SIGNALING
STAT3
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF STAT 3
STAT3 IN ONCOGENESIS
STAT3 IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
ENZYME MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAY
COMPETITION MOBILITY SHIFT ASSAY
SUPER SHIFT ASSAY
DNA BINDING AFFINITY PURIFICATION
IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION
IMMUNOBLOTTING
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
REFERENCES

18. SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS: PREOPERATIVE TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION WITH APPARENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT MAPPING; Takashi Nakamura, Misa Sumi, and Marc Van Cauteren

INTRODUCTION
DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING
Measurement of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
Clinical Use of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
2D Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Color Mapping of Mapping Salivary
Gland Tumors
Apparent Diffusion Coefficients of Healthy Major Salivary Glands|
Apparent Diffusion Coefficients of Benign Salivary Gland Tumors
Apparent Diffusion Coefficients of Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors
TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION WITH APPARENT DIFFUSION
COEFFICIENT MAPPING
APPLICATION OF APPARENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT MAPPING TO
THE DIAGNOSIS OF MALIGNANT LESIONS
HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING USING A SURFACE COLI
REFERENCES

19. ROLE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS IN TONSILLAR CANCER; Eva Munck-Wikland, Lalle Hammarstedt, and Hanna Dahlstrand

INTRODUCTION
TONSILLAR CANCER
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
EVIDENCE OF HPV ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS
SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER
HPV AND PROGNOSIS IN TONSILLAR CANCER
IMPACT OF VIRAL LOAD ON PROGNOSIS
P16 INK4A – A SURROGATE MARKER FOR HPV 16
HPV IN OTHER OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
METHODS OF HPV DETECTION AND GENOTYPING
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Hybrid Capture
DNA In Situ Hybridization (ISH)
HPV Genotyping
HPV mRNA Amplification and Detection
HPV Serology
HPV DNA Load
REFERENCES

20. QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION BASED ASSESSMENT OF THE CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS FOR TONGUE CANCER METASTASIS; Xiaofeng Zhou, Tianwei Yu, and David T. Wong

INTRODUCTION
QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
QPCR Chemistries
Taqman Probes
Molecular Beacons
Self fluorescing amplicons
SYBR Green
Quantification of Results
Standard Curve Method
Comparative CT Method
ORAL TONGUE CANCER
Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OTSCC), A Major Subset of
Oral Cancer
Metastasis – A Major Clinical Problem of Oral Cancer
THE QPCR BASED EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE TONGUE CANCER METASTASIS MARKERS
Cancer Biomarkers
Quantitative PCR Based Detection of Metastasis Markers in Tongue Cancer
Cortactin (CTTN)
Matrix Metalloprotinase (MMP9)
Quantification and Statistical Evaluation of the Markers
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
REFERENCES

21. NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA (RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS): SPREAD PATTERN, PROGNOSIS AND STAGING; Li Li and Li-Zhi Liu

INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patient Characteristics
Imaging Protocol and Criteria for RLN Metastasis and Other Cervical
Lymph Nodes
Treatment
Follow-up and Statistical Analysis
RESULTS
Spread Pattern of RLN Metastasis Based on MRI Data
Incidence and Distribution of RLNs Demonstrated by MRI
Relationship between Metastatic RLNs and Tumor Involvement
Prognosis and Staging of RLN Metastasis Demonstrated by CT Prognosis
Hazard Consistency and Hazard Discrimination
Comparing Staging Categories of RLN Metastasis
DISCUSSION
Imaging Criteria for Metastatic RLNs
Incidence of RLNs Metastasis
Spread Patterns of RLNs Metastasis
Prognostic Significance and Staging of RLNs Metastasis

22. RETINOBLASTOMA: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS; Aubin Balmer, Francis Munier, and Leonidas Zografos

INTRODUCTION
DIAGNOSIS
Epidemiology
Genetics
Semeiology
Clinical Features
Clinical Investigation
Classification
Differential Diagnosis
TREATMENT
Treatment Methods
Future Advances
PROGNOSIS
REFERENCES

PART III. THYROID CARCINOMA

Diagnosis

23. MOLECULAR GENETICS OF THYROID CANCER; Deanne King, Donald Bodenner, and Brendan C. Stack, Jr.

INTRODUCTION
PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMAS
RET Oncogenes
RAS Oncogene
BRAF Gene
APC Gene
FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA
RAS Oncogene
PAX8/PPAR
PTEN
MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
RET Oncogene
ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA
P53 Mutations
MRP-1
MOLECULAR PROFILING
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION REPORT
REFERENCES

24. THYROID CANCER: IDENTIFICATION OF GENE EXPRESSION MARKERS FOR DIAGNOSIS; Obi L. Griffith, Adrienne Melck, Steven J.M. Jones, and Sam M. Wiseman

INTRODUCTION
GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGIES
CDNA Microarrays
Oligonucleotide Arrays
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression
Future Tag-Sequence Methods
EXPERIMENTAL ISSUES
Array Design
Sample Preparation
Replicates
DATA ANALYSIS ISSUES
Quality Assessment
Normalization and Background Correction
Probe/Tag Mapping
Differential Expression Analysis
Expression Profiling Software and Databases
VALIDATION METHODS
CLUSTERING AND CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS
Cancer Diagnosis Using Tumor Gene Expression Signatures
Defining New Molecular Subtypes with Gene Expression Data
Developing Biomarkers or Panels from Microarray Class Predictors
EXPRESSION PROFILING STUDIES IN THYROID CANCER
CROSS-PLATFORM INTEGRATION AND META-ANALYSIS
MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR THYROID CANCER
REFERENCES

25. PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA: USE OF HBME1 AND CK19 AS DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS; Michel R. Nasr and Sanjay Mukhopadhyay

INTRODUCTION
PROTOCOL
MATERIALS
METHODS
INTERPRETATION OF STAINING
HBME1 IN PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA AND BENIGN THYRIOD LESIONS
CK19 IN PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA AND BENIGN THYROID LESIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

26. PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA: DETECTION OF COPY GAIN OF PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR B USING ARRAY COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION IN COMBINATION WITH LASER CAPTURE MICRODISSECTION; Stephen P. Finn, John J. O’Leary, and Orla M. Sheils

INTRODUCTION
COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION
METHODOLOGY
Tumors and Cell Lines
LASER CAPTURE MICRODISSECTION
DNA EXTRACTION
ARRAY COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION
Labeling Protocol
DNASE DIGESTION AND LABELLED PROBE PURIFICATION
HYBRIDIZATION PROTOCOL
IMAGE ANALYSIS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

27. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING IN THYROID CARCINOMA; H.H.G. Verbeek, T.T.H. Phan, A.H. Brouwers, K.P. Koopmans, and T.P. Links

INTRODUCTION
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
COMBINED POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
18FLUORINE-FLURODEOXYGLUCOSE-POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Mechanism
Scan Method
Clinical Application
Thyroid Nodules
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Follow-Up
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
18FLUORINE-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALINE-POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Mechanism
Scan Method
Clinical Application
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
11C-METHIONINE-POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Mechanism
Scan Method
Clinical Application
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
124IODINE-POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Mechanism
Scan Method
Clinical Applications
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Therapy

28. METASTASIZED MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA: DETECTION AND THERAPY USING RADIOLABELED GASTRIN ANALOGS; Martin Gotthardt, Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei, Thomas M. Behr, and Martin Behe

MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
Symptoms
Diagnostic Procedures
LOCALIZING AND TREATING METASTATIC MEDULLARY THYROID
CARCINOMA
RADIOPEPTIDE SCANNING VERSUS ANATOMICAL IMAGING MODALITIES
RADIOLABELED PEPTIDES
MINIGASTRIN FOR DETECTING METASTASIZED MEDULLARY
THYROID CARCINOMA
Cholecystokinine 2 (CCK2) Receptor Expression
Labeling
Scanning Protocol
Biodistribution of Minigastrin
Clinical Studies
PEPTIDE RECEPTOR RADIOTHERAPHY OF METASTASIZED
MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA WITH GASTRIN ANALOGS
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF DGlu1-MINIGASTRIN
REFERENCES

Prognosis

29. MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA: PROGNOSIS BASED ON STAGE OF DISEASE AND AGE; Tracy S. Wang, Julie Ann Sosa, and Sanziana A. Roman

INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Genetic Screening
Genotype-Phenotype Correlations
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
TREATMENT
Treatment of Patients with Clinically Evident MTC
Prophylactic Surgery for Patients with ret Protooncogene Mutations
Nonsurgical Treatment Modalities
SURVEILLANCE
REFERENCES

30. OVEREXPRESSION OF THE COMPONENETS OF THE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATING SYSTEM AS PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN HUMAN THYROID CARCINOMA; Enke Baldini, Salvatore Ulisse, and Massimino D’Armiento

PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATING SYSTEM (PAS)
THE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATING SYSTEM IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
ROLE OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATING SYSTEM IN HUMAN CANCERS
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EXPRESSION OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
|THE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATING SYSTEM IN HUMAN THYROID CARCINOMAS
METHODS TO EVALUATE EXPRESSION OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
REFERENCES