Manual of Anaesthetic Monitoring in Small Animals

1. Monitoring, complications and mortality in anaesthesia (I. Sández, I. Redondo)

2. Prior assessment of patients’ state of health (M.A. Cabezas)
Preanaesthetic assessment and preanaesthetic consultation
Additional tests
ASA classification and preanaesthetic assessment of critical points

3. Anaesthetic records (F. Aprea)

4. Basic monitoring (I. Sández)
Proper interpretation of pulmonary and cardiac auscultation
Peripheral pulse palpation
Mucous membrane colour
Capillary refill time

5. Cardiovascular system (I. Sández, D. Torralbo, M. Soto)
Electrocardiogram (ECG): arrhythmia detection and assessment of ECG changes
Arterial pressure
Noninvasive methods: conventional oscillometry, high-definition oscillometry and Doppler method
Invasive methods: arterial catheterisation techniques, interpretation of the invasive arterial pressure curve and possible artefacts
Central venous pressure (CVP)
Cardiac output
Measurement methods
Importance of in-clinic measurement
Preload monitoring
Tissue oxygen delivery

6. Respiratory system (F. Martínez, M. Martínez)
Pulse oximetry
SO₂ percentage
Plethysmographic curve Capnography
Curve interpretation
Importance of capnography in the V/Q ratio

7. Respiratory mechanics monitoring (J. Martínez, I. Sández)
Spirometry in patients with spontaneous ventilation
Spirometry in patients with mechanical ventilation
Pressure-time, flow-time and volume-time curves
Pressure-volume and flow-volume loops
Haemodynamic implications of mechanical ventilation

8. Temperature (I. Redondo)
Hypothermia: consequences and prevention
Hyperthermia: consequences and prevention

9. Central nervous system monitoring (I. Sández)
Introduction
Assessment of the degree of hypnosis
Position of the eyeball and reflexes
Anaesthetic agent concentration
Assessment of electrical brain activity: electroencephalogram (EEG)
Assessment of the degree of intraoperative analgesia
Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR)
Plethysmographic curve
Parasympathetic tone activity (PTA)
Changes in the BIS
Additional monitoring of the nervous system: intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring

10. Neuromuscular block monitoring (M. Martín, M. Lorenzutti)

11. Arterial and venous blood gasometry (E. Rioja, I. Sández)
Acidosis-alcalosis
PaO<sub>2, PaCO2, HCO3 Pa:
FiO2 ratio
A-a CO2 Diff assessment
Electrolyte imbalances affecting anaesthesia

12. Lactate (C. Palacios, I. Sández)
Measurement and interpretation
Importance as a diagnostic and prognostic marker
Clearance

13. Postanaesthetic monitoring of critical patients (J. Viscasillas)

14. Glossary of terms</sub>

 

This practical book explains how to monitor the organ systems of healthy and medically compromised patients during anaesthesia so as to help veterinary surgeons understand what is happening at every moment and reduce complications. In addition, it has been conceived as a reference book that can be consulted in emergency situations. The authors, who are specialists in the field, provide in-depth information about the physiological aspects of anaesthesia, together with numerous clinical cases and real situations.

Ignacio Sández Cordero graduated in veterinary medicine at the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain, in 2000. He is certified in anaesthesia and analgesia by AVEPA (Spanish Small Animal Veterinary Association). He has coordinated the Anaesthesiology Service at Sinergia Veterinaria (Madrid) since its creation. Sinergia Veterinaria provides referral services to more than 80 veterinary clinics and hospitals. He is also a founding member of the Spanish Society of Anaesthesia and Analgesia (SEAAV) and was part of the board of directors from its creation to June 2012. Since 2005 he has taught courses, workshops and online courses on anaesthesia both in Spain and abroad, and he has participated as a speaker at several SEAAV and AVA (Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists) congresses. Author of more than 20 articles on small animal anaesthesia, analgesia and resuscitation published in Spanish journals and online journals with international reach, he has also authored the book Manual clínico de farmacología y complicaciones en anestesia de pequeños animales (Clinical Manual of Small Animal Pharmacology and Anaesthetic C omplications).

Collaborators

Miguel Ángel Cabezas Salamanca
Degree in veterinary medicine. Certified in anaesthesia and analgesia by AVEPA. Head of the Anaesthesia and Resuscitation Service at the Puchol veterinary hospital in Madrid. Member of SEAAV, AVA, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), and the International Veterinary Academy of Pain Management (IVAPM).

Miguel Martínez Fernández
Degree in veterinary medicine. European Diplomate in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. President of the SEAAV. Head of the Anaesthesiology Service at Chestergates Veterinary Specialists, UK. Member of SEAAV and AVA.

Fernando Martínez Taboada
Degree in veterinary medicine. European Diplomate in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Head of the Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Service at the School of Veterinary Science of the University of Sydney, Australia. Member of SEAAV and AVA.

María Soto Martín
Degree in veterinary medicine. Member of the Anaesthesiology Service at Sinergia Veterinaria, Madrid. Member of SEAAV and of the AVEPA Working Group on Anaesthesia (GAVA).

Daniel Torralbo del Moral
Degree in veterinary medicine. AVEPA-certified in anaesthesia and analgesia. Member of the Anaesthesiology Service at Sinergia Veterinaria, Madrid. Member of SEAAV and GAVA.

Manuel Martín Flores
Degree in veterinary medicine. American Diplomate in Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Assistant professor in the Anaesthesiology Service of the Department of Clinical Sciences at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, USA. Member of the American College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (ACVAA).

Jerónimo Martínez Pino
Degree in veterinary medicine. AVEPA-certified in anaesthesia and analgesia. Head of the Anaesthesia and Resuscitation Service at the Neurología Veterinaria veterinary centre in Madrid. Member of SEAAV and GAVA.

Eva Rioja García
Degree and a PhD in veterinary medicine. American Diplomate in Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Head of the Anaesthesia Service at the North West Veterinary Surgeons Hospital, UK. Member of SEAAV, AVA and ACVAA.

J. Ignacio Redondo García
Anaesthesiologist at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University CEU Cardenal Herrera of Valencia. Member of SEAAV, AVA, GAVA, and the Association of Veterinary Anaesthesiology of the Argentine Republic (AAVRA).

Francesco Aprea
Degree in veterinary medicine. European Diplomate in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Head of SAAVET, a Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Service in Majorca (Spain) and the UK. Member of the Credential and Education Committee of the European College of Anaesthesia. Member of SEAAV and AVA.

Jaime Viscasillas Monteagudo
Degree in veterinary medicine. European Diplomate in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. AVEPA-certified in anaesthesia and analgesia. Professor of anaesthesia and analgesia at the Royal Veterinary College in London, UK. Member of SEAAV, of AVA, and of the Anaesthesia and Analgesia Service at the Royal Veterinary College.

Carolina Palacios Jiménez
Degree and a PhD in veterinary medicine. European Diplomate in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Professor of anaesthesia and analgesia at the Royal Veterinary College in London, UK. She is a member of SEAAV, AVA, and the Anaesthesia and Analgesia Service at the Royal Veterinary College.

Matias Lorenzutti
Degree and a PhD in veterinary medicine. Associate professor at the Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina. Head of the Anaesthesiology Service at the veterinary hospital of the same