Cardiovascular Renal Axis Disorders in Cats and Dogs

1. Cardiorenal syndrome in human medicine

Introduction

Types of cardiorenal syndrome

Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 1 CRS)

Type 2 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 2 CRS)

Type 3 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 3 CRS)

Type 4 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 4 CRS)

Type 5 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 5 CRS)

 

2. General considerations on the cardiovascular–renal axis in cats and dogs

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Classification

Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to acute heart failure (CVRDAH)

Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to chronic heart diseases (CVRDCH)

Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to acute kidney injuries (CVRDAK)

Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to chronic kidney diseases (CVRDCK)

Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to concomitant heart and kidney diseases (CVRDHK)

 

3. Kidney disorders secondary to cardiovascular disease

Acute cardiovascular disorders causing acute kidney injury

Introduction

Aetiology

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of acute heart failure

Worsening of renal function

Diagnosis

Urea and creatinine

New markers

Clinical management

Chronic cardiovascular disorders causing chronic kidney disease

Introduction

Aetiology

Mitral valve degeneration

Dilated myocardiopathy

Hypertrophic myocardiopathy in cats

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Imaging diagnosis

Blood pressure measurement

Laboratory tests

Clinical management

 

4. Cardiovascular disorders secondary to kidney disease

Acute kidney injuries contributing to worsening of cardiac function

Introduction

Aetiology

Pathophysiology

Direct effects of AKI on the heart

Indirect effects of AKI on the heart

Diagnosis

Imaging diagnosis

Laboratory diagnosis

Clinical management

By stages

Conservative treatment

Substitutive renal therapy

Chronic kidney diseases contributing to worsening of cardiac function

Introduction

Aetiology

Pathophysiology

Systemic hypertension

Uraemia

Electrolyte abnormalities

Plasma volume abnormalities

Drug poisoning

Anaemia

Canine leishmaniosis

Diagnosis

Blood pressure measurement

Electrocardiography

Imaging diagnosis

Laboratory diagnosis

Clinical management

 

5. Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to systemic diseases

Introduction

Diagnosis

Assessment of loss of cardiac function

Assessment of loss of renal function

Critical patients: sepsis, SIRS, shock and infectious diseases

Endocrine diseases

Diabetes mellitus

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

 

6. Anaesthetic management of patients with cardiovascular–renal axis disorders

Introduction

Patients with cardiovascular disease affecting the renal system

Acute cardiovascular disorders

Chronic cardiovascular disorders

Patients with kidney diseases affecting the cardiovascular system

Anaesthesia in patients with acute kidney injury

Anaesthesia in patients with chronic kidney disease

References

VIEW PRESENTATION BROCHURE

 

This guide addresses the two-way interaction between the heart and kidney (cardiovascular–renal axis) and shows how both acute and chronic disorders of either of these organs can affect the function of the other. To achieve its objective, the book describes the pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and clinical management of these disorders.

Author Information

Javier Duque Carrasco

He graduated in veterinary medicine from the University of Extremadura (UEx, Spain) in 2000 and earned a PhD from the same university in 2013. He worked in private veterinary practice (2000–2005) and then joined the Internal Medicine Service of the UEx Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Currently he is a professor in the Department of Animal Medicine of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cáceres (UEx).

He has completed internships at the veterinary teaching hospitals of the universities of Bristol and Liverpool (United Kingdom) and North Carolina (United States) and at the human hospitals Virgen del Rocío (Seville) and San Pedro de Alcántara (Cáceres). He is a member of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology (ESVC) and has published articles in several Spanish and international journals.

Rafael Barrera Chacón

He graduated in veterinary medicine from the University of Córdoba (Spain) in 1984 and earned a PhD from the UEx in 1989; he is chair of the UEx Department of Animal Medicine and director of the UEx Veterinary Teaching Hospital and head of its clinical pathology laboratory. He has been a visiting fellow at foreign universities including the National Veterinary School of Alfort (France), the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and the University of Chile. He has published in several Spanish and international journals and lectured on clinical pathology both in Spain and abroad. He is currently working on the characterisation of biomarkers in canine kidney disease.

Alicia Caro Vadillo

She graduated in veterinary medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM, Spain) in 1994 and earned a PhD from the same university in 1999. She completed the training with internships in small animal medicine at the University of California-Davis (USA, 1996) and at various human teaching hospitals (San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, 2002). She is an associate professor in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the UCM Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, a member of the Small Animal Internal Medicine Service of the UCM Veterinary Teaching Hospital, and the director of the Cardiology and Respiratory Diseases Unit of that service.

She is a certified member of the Spanish Small Animal Veterinary Association (AVEPA) cardiology and respiratory diseases working group. She has written more than 50 publications in Spanish and international journals and several book chapters and monographs on cardiac and respiratory diseases in small animals. She is the director of a UCM diploma programme on small animal heart disease.

Mª Ángeles Daza González

She graduated in veterinary medicine from the UCM in 1998 and obtained a PhD from the same university in 2016. She is a full-time veterinary clinician in the Hospitalisation and Intensive Care Service and director of the Small Animal Nephrology and Urology Service at the Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital. She has completed internships in the Experimental Department of La Paz University Hospital in Madrid and in the Emergency and Intensive Care Unit of the University of North Carolina Hospital (United States).

She is a certified member by the Spanish Small Animal Veterinary Association (AVEPA) cardiology and respiratory diseases working group. She is the author of several articles, a coauthor of monographs and book chapters, and has lectured at conferences on small animal emergency and intensive care.

Gonzalo Marcos Gómez

He graduated in medicine from the UEx in 1987 and completed a cardiology residency at the Madrid Institute of Cardiology from 1989 to 1993. His postgraduate training included: postgraduate diploma in leadership and management of cardiology departments (ESADE-SEC-Ferrer), master’s degree in cardiology at the University of Elche-SEC-Menarini (2011), master’s degree in clinical management at the University of Murcia-IMAS (2015–2016), and postgraduate expert diploma in acute heart failure at Francisco de Vitoria University (2016).

From 2007 to 2013, he was the head of the Cardiology Service of the San Pedro de Alcántara Hospital in Cáceres and has been the director of the Cardiac Imaging Unit since 2013.

He has participated in several clinical trials, published articles in international journals, issued national and international conference communications, and given lectures at national and international conferences.

Mª Victoria Mogollón Jiménez

She graduated in medicine from the University of Navarra (Spain) in 2002. She became a specialist in cardiology at the Virgen del Rocío University Hospital in Seville in 2008. She completed a doctoral programme in biomedical research (University of Seville) in 2008. She became certified in adult transthoracic echocardiography by the European Society of Cardiology in 2009. She obtained a master’s degree in cardiology in 2012 and a master’s degree in diagnostic imaging in 2014 from Miguel Hernández University in Elche. She obtained a master’s degree in acute cardiac care from San Antonio Catholic University in Murcia in 2015. She completed an international master’s degree programme in pulmonary hypertension at the International University of Menéndez Pelayo in 2016.

She practiced cardiology initially at the Hospital of Mérida and later at the San Pedro de Alcántara University Hospital in Cáceres. She currently engages in two main areas: she is a member of the Cardiac Imaging Unit and head of the Hereditary Heart Diseases Unit of the San Pedro de Alcántara University Hospital.

She has written several articles for books and for Spanish and international publications, and has participated in several clinical trials.

David Chipayo Gonzales

He graduated in medicine from the University of San Martín de Porres in Lima (Peru) in 2009. He completed a residency in nephrology at the Dos de Mayo National Hospital in Lima (Peru) from 2011 to 2014.

He is currently performing a cardiology residency at the San Pedro de Alcántara University Hospital in Cáceres.

Domingo Casamián Sorrosal

He holds a degree in veterinary medicine from the University of Zaragoza (Spain). After graduating, he completed a general internship at the Animal Medical Centre of Manchester and worked in several hospitals in the United Kingdom. He then completed a residency in small animal internal medicine (three years) and veterinary cardiology (four years) at the University of Bristol referral hospital and became a diplomate in Small Animal Internal Medicine (European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, ECVIM) and in Veterinary Cardiology (Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, RCVS). He stayed at the University of Bristol, first as a clinician and then as the head of the Cardiopulmonary Service until July 2016. He is now head of the Cardiology and Cardiopulmonary Medicine Service at Southfields Veterinary Specialists in Basildon (United Kingdom) and a professor and cardiology and respiratory clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Valencia Catholic University.

He has published several cardiology articles in scientific journals, written book chapters, lectured at many conferences in Spain and elsewhere, and is a reviewer for various veterinary scientific journals.

Fernando Martínez Taboada

He graduated in veterinary medicine from the UCM in 2002. He completed an internship at the University of Bristol (United Kingdom), followed by a residency in anaesthesia, analgesia and perioperative care at the same university. He was certified in veterinary anaesthesia by the RCVS in 2007 and became a diplomate of the European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (ECVAA) in 2011.

He has worked as an anaesthesiologist and head of the anaesthesia and analgesia service in several university and private referral centres in the United Kingdom and Australia. He currently holds a combined position of professor at University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science and head of the university’s Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Australia).

He has lectured in conferences and training courses on five continents and is a member of the board of directors of the Spanish Society of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (SEAAV).