Main Challenges in Poultry Farming. Vaccination Failures

Description 

A vaccination failure occurs when the chickens do not develop suitable antibody titer levels and/or are susceptible to a field disease outbreak. Therefore, an updated review (visual-type) has been thoroughlydeveloped in order to highlight the importance of detecting and solving the major vaccination failures in commercial chickens to control diseases affecting this species. The handbook has been written by a prestigious expert with a wide experience in this field. Numerous graphic resources have been included to complement the information provided and make the contents more understandable and accessibleto readers.

Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem

Dr. Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem is Associate Professor (virology) at the University of Calgary (Canada) since 2010. He has obtained his basic veterinary degree (BVSc) from the University of Peradeniya(Sri Lanka) and a Master of Veterinary Medicine degree (MVM) from the University of Glasgow Veterinary School (UK) in 1995. He completed his PhD degree from the University of Guelph (Canada) in 2008. His doctoral thesis entitled “Characterization of Host Responses Following Marek’s Disease Virus Infection or Vaccination Against Marek’s Disease”. Following his PhD degree, he was awarded a prestigious Canadian Institutes of Health Research Fellowship to conduct post-doctoral research on innate immune responses generated against mucosal viral infections at the Center for Gene Therapeutics of the McMaster University (Canada). He is diplomate of American College of Poultry Veterinarians (ACPV) and American College of Veterinary Microbiologists (ACVM). 
He has expertise and strong interests in the area of avian viral immunology. He has around 37 manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals and 90 % of these manuscripts are on avian viral immunology. His research programme at the University of Calgary is supported by grants from Canadian federal, provincial and poultry industry sources such as Natural Sciences and EngineeringResearch Council of Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency (ALMA), and Canadian Poultry Research Council. He has established state-of-the-art research facility for his experimental animal and laboratory work at the University of Calgary.

Contents

1. Introduction

• Significance of poultryinfectiousdiseases
• Control optionsforpoultryinfectiousdiseases
• General definition of vaccination
• History of poultryvaccines and vaccination
• Economicbenefits of vaccination

2. Types of poultry vaccines

• Killedvaccines
• Live attenuatedvaccines
• DNA vaccines
• Recombinantvaccines

3. Vaccination techniques

• Spray vaccination
• Drinkingwatervaccination
• Parenteral routes
• In ovo vaccination

4. Vaccine-mediated immune responses

• Mechanisms of induction of vaccine-mediatedimmuneresponses

5. Evaluation of vaccine efficacy

• Monitoringvaccinetake
• Monitoringantibody response 
• Monitoringprotection

6. Causes of vaccination failures

• General definition of vaccinationfailure
• Evolution of pathogens
• Poor crossprotectionbetweenserotypes, pathotypesand strains of thesamepathogen 
• Maternal antibodyinterference
• Earlyexposure to pathogens
• Exposure to heavy pathogenloads
• Immunesuppressiveconditions of the host 
• Unevenvaccineuptake
• Impropervaccinestorage and handlingduringvaccination 

7. Field examples of vaccinationfailures

• Marek’sdisease
• Infectiousbronchitis
• Infectiousbursaldisease
• Newcastle disease
• Infectiouslaryngotracheitis
• Avian influenza 
• Fowlpox

8. Overcoming vaccination failures in poultry flocks

• References