Panoramic Radiology: Seminars on Maxillofacial Imaging & Interpretation

Panoramic radiology systems are currently being used in more practices than at other any time in the past The practitioner now has decisions to make regarding detector technology selection for image acquisition and must remain informed about appropriate usage This book is applicable to all panoramic dental images and equipment It approaches panoramic radiology usage in the context of general and specialty applications

Contents

Getting the Most Out of Panoramic

Radiographic Interpretation

Allan G Farman

Quality Assurance

Image Projection Geometry

Interpreting a Normal Panoramic

Radiograph

Anatomical Comparisons

Test

Ghost Images: Objects Outside the Image

Layer that are not Entirely Excluded from

the Panoramic Radiograph

Allan G Farman

Anatomic Ghosts

Jewelry Ghosts

Lead Apron

Prostheses

Test

Digital Options for Panoramic Radiology

Allan G Farman

in association with William R Jacobs

Film Disadvantages

Film Advantages

Digital X-ray Imaging Disadvantages

Digital X-ray Imaging Advantages

If I Decide To Go Digital, How Do I Get

Into It? What Systems Are Available?

Film Scanners and Cameras

Photostimulable Phosphor Plates

Solid-state Detectors

Radiation Dosage

Costs

Interoperability

References

Panoramic Radiology: Risk Within Reason

Allan G Farman

National Council on Radiation Protection

and Measurement: Radiation Protection

in Dentistry (NCRP Report No )

US Population Radiation Exposure

Principles of Radiation Protection

Risk within Reason

Risk within Reason from Panoramic

Radiology

Patient Safety

Occupational Safety

Going Digital

Panoramic Dosimetry

Summary

References

Test

Panoramic Radiology: Role in ADA/FDA

Use Guidelines

Allan G Farman

The “New” Dental Patient

Patients Having No Signs or Symptoms

of Maxillofacial Disease

The “Recall” Dental Patient

Outcomes Evidence

Screening for Dental Fitness

Screening General Dental Patients

Screening for Periodontal Disease

Screening for Periapical Disease

Orthodontic Screening

Some Final Considerations

References

Test

Panoramic Radiologic Appraisal

of Anomalies of the Dentition

Allan G Farman in association

with Christoffel J Nortjé and Robert E

Wood

Anomalies in Tooth Number

Hypodontia

Hypodontia and Clefts

Hypodontia and Down Syndrome

Hypodontia and Ectodermal Dysplasias

Supernumerary Teeth

Anomalies in Tooth Size

Macrodontia

Microdontia

Anomalies in Root Formation

Dilaceration

Taurodontism

Enamel Pearl

Connation

Concrescence

Supernumerary Roots

Anomalies of Tooth Crowns

Talon Cusp

Dens Invaginatus

Dens Evaginatus

Panoramic Radiology: An Important

Adjunct in the Assessment of Dental

Morphology

Tooth Structure Anomalies

Enamel Hypoplasia

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

Radicular Dentin Dysplasia

Coronal Dentin Dysplasia

Odontodysplasia

Concluding Remarks

References

Test

Tooth Eruption and Dental Impaction

Allan G Farman

Premature Eruption

Retarded Eruption

Dental Impactions

Impacted Third Molars

Impacted Canines

Other Impacted Regular Teeth

Impacted Supernumerary Teeth

Resorption of Impacted Teeth

Pathoses and Impaction

Ectopic Dental Eruption

Concluding Remarks

References

Panoramic Radiographic Assessment

in Orthodontics

Anibal M Silveira

in association with Allan G Farman

Pros and Cons

Root Parallelism

Quality Control

American Board of Orthodontics

Panoramic Requirement

Conclusions

References

Test

Assessing Growth and Development

with Panoramic Radiographs

and Cephalometric Attachments

Allan G Farman

Eruption Sequence and Timing

Normal Variations in Eruption Timing

Sex

Skeletal Pattern

Ethnicity

Local Causes of Delayed Dental Eruption

Systemic Conditions Delaying Dental

Eruption

Low Birthweight

Second-hand Smoke

Syndromes

Delayed Puberty

Factors in Premature Dental Eruption

Assessment of Biological Age Using

Hand-Wrist Radiographs

Assessment of Biological Age Using Lateral

Cephalograms

Biological Age and Orthodontic

Intervention

Age and Identity

Concluding Remarks

References

Test

Panoramic Radiographic

Appearance of the Mandibular Canal

in Health and in Disease

Allan G Farman

in association with Christoffel J Nortjé

Pathological Conditions of the Mandible

Benign Lesions Within the Mandibular

Canal

Malignant Lesions Within the Mandibular

Canal

Benign Lesions Peripheral

to the Mandibular Canal

Malignant Lesions Peripheral to the

Mandibular Canal

Lesions Obscuring the Mandibular Canal

Concluding Remarks

References

Test

Pathological Conditions

affecting the Maxillary Sinus

Allan G Farman

in association with Christoffel J Nortjé

Overview of alternative imaging

modalities

Contents

Maxillary sinus disease frequencies

Inflammatory conditions

Mucous retention (extravasation)

phenomenom

Adjacent dental pathoses

Benign cysts and neoplasms

Other benign radio-opacity

Dysplastic conditions affecting

the maxillary sinuses

Detection of maxillary sinus malignant

neoplasia

Summary

References

Test

Panoramic Radiology: Endodontic

Considerations

Allan G Farman

in association with Stephen J Clark

Periapical Pathoses

Providing a Comprehensive Radiographic

Overview

Follow Up Evaluation

Maxillary Sinus Disease Related

to Endodontic Therapy

Endo-antral syndrome

Aspergillosis

Conditions that May Simulate Dental

Periapical Pathoses

Conclusion

References

Test

Panoramic Radiology of Pericoronal

Pathoses

Allan G Farman in association

with Christoffel J Nortjé

and Robert E Wood

Follicular Cysts

Envelopmental Keratocystic Odontogenic

Tumor

Ameloblastoma

Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor

Ameloblastic Fibroma

and Fibro-odontoma

Odontogenic Myxoma

Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst

Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor

Malignancies Associated

with Envelopmental Radiolucencies

Regional Odontodysplasia

Cherubism

Cyst Boundaries in Radiologic

Differentiation

Concluding Remarks

References

Test

Panoramic Radiology in Maxillofacial

Trauma

Allan G Farman

in association with George M Kushner

Fractures of Teeth and Alveolar Bone

Fractures of the Body and Angle

of the Mandible

Dental Impactions as Predisposing Factors

to Mandibular Fracture

Panoramic Radiographs in Third Molar

Assessment for Relationship to the Inferior

Dental Canal

Panoramic Radiographs and Mandibular

Fracture Assessment

Roles of Computed Tomography

and Panoramic Radiology in Mandibular

Fracture Detection

Pathological Jaw Fracture

Foreign Body Detection

Fractures of the Maxilla

Concluding Remarks

References

Test

Panoramic Radiographic Detection

of Systemic Disease

Arthur H Friedlander and Keith

M Norman in collaboration with

Allan G Farman, Christoffel J Nortjé,

and Robert E Wood

Detection of Carotid Artery Disease

and also by Inference, Coronary Artery

Disease

Osteoporosis

Evidence Supporting Panoramic

Radiographs to Screen

for Osteoporosis

Evidence Against Using Panoramic

Radiographs to Screen

for Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis and Periodontal Disease

Diabetes Mellitus

Hyperparathyroidism

Specific Infections

Tuberculosis

Syphilis

Metastatic Malignancies

Concluding Remarks

References

Test

Contents XI

Panoramic Radiology: Oncologic

Dentistry Considerations

Allan G Farman

in association with Zafrulla Khan

What is Oncologic Dentistry?

Cancer Therapy Effects on Oral Tissues

Oral Mucositis

Xerostomia

Periodontal Disease

Osteonecrosis

Childhood Therapy

Dental Restorations Affecting Radiation

Therapy Planning and Application

Dental Outcomes

References

Test

Cephalometric Attachments Are Not Only

of Value for Orthodontic Assessment

Allan G Farman

Lateral Skull Projection

Posterior-Anterior (PA) Projection

Occipitomental Projection (Waters’

Technique)

Reverse Towne Projection

Submentovertex Projection

Lateral-Oblique Projection of the Jaws

Test

Selected Abstracts

Allan G Farman

Dental Caries Assessment

Periodontal Disease Assessment

Endodontics

Selection Criteria

Safety and Risk

Digital Imaging

Dental Implants

Prosthodontics

Orthodontics

Growth and Maturity

Oncologic Dentistry

Jaw Fractures

Dental Impactions

Dental Anomalies

Jaw Pathoses

Systemic Diseases

Test

Frequently Asked Questions About

Panoramic Radiography

Panoramic Radiology Corporation staff

led by Steve T Yaggy in association

with Allan G Farman

Subject Index

XII Contents