Pediatric Brain and Spine an Atlas of Mri and Spectroscopy

About this atlas

This practical MR imaging atlas covers all aspects of pediatric brain and spine imaging including contemporary techniques such as diffusion imaging, fetal imaging and MR spectroscopy. The book consists of 12 chapters, starting with the developing pediatric brain and continuing with metabolic, congenital, genetic, traumatic, inflammatory and neoplastic processes of the brain and spine. Each entity is comprehensively illustrated with multiple top-quality images and accompanied by clinical history, a short discussion and the most pertinent references. There are extensive illustrations of MR imaging of child abuse. The authors are currently all at the University of Rochester, New York, but have long experience of pediatric neuroradiology from an international perspective, which guarantees a broad view of the subject. The book is valuable for radiologists, pediatricians, neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuroscientists and pediatric neurologists, as well as for physicians in training in these areas. This richly illustrated atlas is a quick clinical reference for all involved in pediatric neuroimaging.

Contents

• 1 Normal Brain Myelination and Normal Variants
• Introduction
• Chronological Imaging Atlas of Normal Myelination
• Cavum Septi Pellucidi, Cavum Vergae and Cavum Velum Interpositum
• Cavum Septi Pellucidi and Vergae
• Cavum Velum Interpositum
• Ventriculus Terminalis
• 2 Congenital Brain Malformations
• Introduction
• Corpus Callosum Agenesis/Dysgenesis
• Completely Absent Corpus Callosum
• Near Complete Agenesis of Corpus callosum
• Pericallosal Lipoma
• Curvilinear Lipoma
• Nodular Midline (“Callosal”) Lipoma
• Hydranencephaly
• Case 1.Hydranencephaly with Increasing Head Size
• Case 2.Hydranencephaly with Increasing Head Size
• Case 3.Hydranencephaly with Microcephaly
• Cephalocele and Meningocele
• Occipital Encephalocele
• Parietal Cephalocele
• Parietal Cephalocele
• Skull Base Encephalocele
• Parietal Meningocele
• Spinal Lipomeningocele
• Micrencephaly with Lissencephaly
• Generalized Cortical Dysplasia
• Schizencephaly
• Open Lip Schizencephaly (Type II)
• Unilateral Closed Lip Schizencephaly (Type I)
• Lissencephaly
• Gray Matter Heterotopia
• Subependymal Nodular Heterotopia
• Focal Subcortical Heterotopia with Agenesis of Corpus Callosum
• Focal Subcortical Heterotopia
• Band Heterotopia (“Double Cortex”)
• Holoprosencephaly
• Septo-Optic Dysplasia in a Teenager
• Septo-Optic Dysplasia
• Alobar Holoprosencephaly
• Semilobar Holoprosencephaly
• Semilobar Holoprosencephaly with Pierre-Robin Syndrome
• Chiari Malformations
• Chiari I Malformation with Low but Rounded Tonsils
• Unilateral Chiari I Malformation with Pointed Tonsils
• Chiari II (Arnold-Chiari) Malformation
• Chiari II and Meningomyelocele in a Newborn
• Chiari III and Occipital Encephalocele
• Chiari III and Spina Bi.da
• Dandy-Walker Syndromes
• Dandy-Walker Variant with Enlargement of Fourth Ventricle
• Dandy-Walker Variant with No Separate Fourth Ventricle
• Dandy-Walker Variant with Elevation of Torcula
• Joubert’s Syndrome
• Rhombencephalosynapsis
• Cloverleaf Skull Syndrome (Kleeblattschädel Anomaly)
• Hemimegalencephaly
• 3 Inherited Neurological Diseases and Disorders of Myelin
• Introduction
• Hereditary Myelin Disorders
• Krabbe’s Disease (Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy)
• Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)
• Zellweger Syndrome
• Adrenoleukodystrophy
• Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL)
• Mitochondrial Disorders
• Cerebellar Degeneration Associated with Coenzyme Q10 De.ciency
• Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
• Defects in Genes Encoding the Myelin Proteins
• Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
• p10 p9 Translocation
• 18q Syndrome
• Disorders in Amino Acid and Organic Acid Metabolism
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Propionic Acidemia
• Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
• Galactosemia
• Late-Onset Type of Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTCD) De.ciency with a Recent Occipital Infarct
• Miscellaneous
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
• Perisylvian Syndrome
• Merosin-De.cient Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD)
• Vanishing White Matter (VWM) Disease
• Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts (MLC) and Normal Development
• Delayed Myelination
• Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome (APS)
• Osmotic Myelinolysis (Extrapontine Myelinolysis)
• 4 Infection
• Introduction
• Meningitis and Complications of Meningitis
• Acute Pyogenic Meningitis
• Subacute Pyogenic Meningitis with Hydrocephalus
• Suppurative Meningitis with Subdural Effusions and Cortical Ischemia
• Suppurative Meningitis and Brain Infarct
• Meningitis with Multiple Infarcts
• Candida Meningitis
• Brain Abscess
• Empyema
• Subdural Empyema with Cortical and Meningeal Involvement
• Subdural Empyema
• Epidural Empyema
• Septic Emboli
• Nocardiosis
• Citrobacter Infections
• Citrobacter Meningitis and Cerebritis
• Chronic Citrobacter Cerebritis
• Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis
• Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis Type 2
• Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis Type 2
• Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis Type 1
• Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection
• Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis
• Viral Encephalitis (In.uenza Encephalopathy) . 152
• Congenital Human Immunode.ciency Virus (HIV) Infection
• Cysticercosis
• Intraventricular Cysticercosis
• Subarachnoid Cysticercosis
• Parenchymal Cysticercosis
• Calci.ed Cysticercosis
• Tuberculosis
• Tubercular Meningitis
• Intracranial Tuberculoma
• Tuberculous Abscesses
• Limbic Encephalitis
• (Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis)
• Acute Cerebellitis
• Rasmussen’s Encephalitis
• 5 Posterior Fossa Tumors
• Introduction
• Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DW imaging)
• MR Spectroscopy
• Medulloblastoma
• Solid Medulloblastoma
• Hemorrhagic/Necrotic Medulloblastoma
• Medulloblastoma with CSF Seeding
• Cerebellar Pilocytic Astrocytoma
• Mostly Solid Cerebellar Pilocytic Astrocytoma
• Cystic Cerebellar Pilocytic Astrocytoma with Mural Nodule
• Ependymoma
• Brain Stem Glioma
• Epidermoid Tumor
• Arachnoid Cyst
• Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (VHL)
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Precursor B)
• Chordoma
• 6 Supratentorial Brain Tumors
• Introduction
• DW Imaging
• MR Spectroscopy
• Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
• Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma (JPA)
• Mixed Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) and Ganglioglioma
• Oligodendroglioma
• Ependymoma
• Choroid plexus papillomas
• Choroid Plexus Papilloma in the Trigone
• Choroid Plexus Papilloma at the Foramen of Monro
• Gliomatosis Cerebri
• Ganglioglioma
• Central Neurocytoma
• Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)
• Germinoma of the Pineal Region
• Pineal Teratoma
• Pineoblastoma
• Pineal Embryonal Carcinoma
• Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET)
• Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor
• Esthesioneuroblastoma
• Trigeminal Neuro.broma
• Eosinophilic Granuloma
• Craniopharyngioma
• Pituitary Adenoma
• Pituitary Macroadenoma
• Pituitary Microadenoma (Prolactinoma)
• Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
• Atypical Meningioma
• Congenital Brain Tumors
• Congenital Teratoma
• Congenital Glioblastoma Multiforme
• Orbital Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma (JPA)
• Optic Pathway Glioma
• Hypothalamic Hamartoma (Hamartoma of Tuber Cinereum)
• 7 Brain Damage
• Introduction
• Nonaccidental Trauma
• Scalp Injury (Subgaleal Hemorrhage)
• Skull Fracture
• Subdural Hemorrhage
• Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
• Parenchymal Hemorrhage and Ischemia
• Diffuse Axonal Injury
• Hypoxic Ischemic Injury
• Infarct
• Atrophy
• Venous Sinus Thrombosis
• Thalamic Infarcts in a Shaken Infant Syndrome
• Epidural and Subdural Hematoma
• Epidural Hematoma (EDH)
• Subdural Hematoma (SDH)
• Contusion
• Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
• DAI in Corpus Callosum and Parenchyma
• Hemorrhagic Contusion with DAI
• Multiple Areas of DAI in Corpus Callosum
• DAI with Excitotoxic Mechanism
• Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL), Preterm Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
• Periventricular Leukomalacia with White Matter Aplasia
• Periventricular Leukomalaciawith Thin Corpus Callosum
• Unilateral PVL
• Periventricular Leukomalacia with Dystrophic Parenchymal Calci.cation
• Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
• Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy with Infarcts
• Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy with Brain Edema
• Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
• Post-Surgery
• Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy with Seizures
• Hypoxic Encephalopathy in Near-Drowning
• Multicystic Encephalomalacia
• Status Epilepticus and Postictal Stage
• Status Epilepticus with Partially
• Reversible Tissue Changes
• Status Epilepticus with Permanent Tissue Damage
• Cortical Laminar Necrosis
• Cyclosporin-Induced Encephalopathy
• Pontine and Extrapontine Myelinolysis in the Setting of Rapid Correction of Hyponatremia
• Cephalhematoma
• CT Scan of Cephalhematoma
• MR Imaging of Cephalhematoma
• Cephalhematoma and Hypoxic-Ischemic Insult
• 8 Vascular Disorders
• Introduction
• Childhood Cerebrovascular Diseases with Infarct
• Dissection
• Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathy with Infarct
• Herpesvirus Infections of the CNS and Vascular Thrombosis
• CNS Vasculitis and Infarct
• Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS), Vasculitis and Infarct
• Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
• Cavernous Malformation
• Solitary Intrinsic Parenchymal Lesion
• Solitary Exophytic Cavernous Malformation
• Solitary Cavernous Malformation with Developmental Venous Anomaly
• Multiple Cavernous Malformations
• Cavernous Malformation Simulating Neoplasm with Major Bleed
• Developmental Venous Anomaly
• Capillary Telangiectasia
• Sinovenous Thrombosis
• Transverse Sinus Thrombosis Extending Into Superior Sagittal, Sigmoid and Jugular Sinus
• Evolution of Transverse Sinus Thrombosis
• Sturge-Weber (SWS) Syndrome and Lack of Flow Through the Superior Sagittal Sinus Simulating Chronic Superior Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis
• Iatrogenic Sinus Thrombosis in an Infant Treated with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
• Intracranial Aneurysm
• Berry Aneurysm
• Fusiform Aneurysm
• Berry Aneurysm with Signi.cant Vasospasm
• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
• Intracerebral Hematoma
• Moyamoya Disease
• Bilateral Moyamoya Disease
• Bilateral Moyamoya Disease with a Major Infarct
• Unilateral Moyamoya (Variant)
• Sickle cell Disease Leading to Moyamoya Disease
• Vein of Galen Malformation
• 9 Head and Neck
• Introduction
• Multinodular Goiter
• Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
• Tornwaldt Cyst
• Cystic Hygroma in Neck of Newborn
• Neuro.bromatosis
• Plexiform Neuro.bromatosis of the Neck
• Neuro.bromatosis of the Orbit
• Kikuchi Disease
• Dermoid
• Schwannoma of the Tongue
• Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Nose
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland
• Anophthalmos
• Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
• Retinopathy of Prematurity
• Hemangioma
• Hemangioma of the Parotid Gland
• Hemangioma of the Face and Orbit
• Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
• Osteosarcoma of the Cranium
• Fibrous Dysplasia
• Bilateral Coronoid Hyperplasia of the Mandible Causing Trismus
• Dental Radicular Cyst
• Mastoiditis with Sigmoid Sinus Thrombosis
• Arteriovenous Fistula of Vertebral Artery
• 10 Spine
• Introduction
• Chiari I Malformation
• Tethered Cord with Lipoma
• Case 1
• Case 2
• Ventriculus Terminalis of the Conus Medullaris
• Diastematomyelia
• Separate Thecal Sacs
• Single Thecal Sac
• Dermal Sinus Tract
• Spinal Lipomas
• Case 1. Intra- and Extramedullary Lipomas
• Case 2. Extramedullary Cervical Lipoma with Cord Compression
• Case 3. Intradural, Extramedullary Lipoma at the Conus
• Caudal Regression Syndrome
• Congenital Spinal Scoliosis, Kyphosis and Kyphoscoliosis
• Lumbar Hemivertebra
• Thoracic Hemivertebra
• Kyphosis
• Arthrogryposis (Larsen’s Syndrome)
• Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)
• Hurler/Scheie Syndrome (MPS Type I H/S)
• Morquio’s Syndrome (MPS Type IV-A)
• Spinal Cord Astrocytoma
• Intraspinal Ependymoma
• Holocord Ependymoma
• Conus Ependymoma
• Neuro.bromatosis Type 1 (NF-1)
• Neuro.bromatosis Type 2 (NF-2)
• Neuro.broma
• Metastatic Disease from CNS Primary Tumor
• Intradural, Extramedullary Metastases (Drop Metastases)
• Intramedullary Metastases
• Neuroblastoma
• Ganglioneuroma
• Ependymoblastoma
• Meningioma
• Meningeal Sarcoma
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Primary Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Metastatic Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Teratoma
• Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
• Osteochondroma
• Hemangioma
• Spinal Trauma
• Ligament Injury and Subluxation with Acute Cord Edema
• Myelomalacia
• Brachial Plexus Trauma
• Nerve Root Avulsion from Accident
• Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury
• Blunt Trauma to the Brachial Plexus
• Epidural Hematoma
• Spine Fractures
• Lumbar Spine Burst Fracture
• Lumbar Spine Compression Fracture
• Spondylolisthesis
• Case 1. Spondylolisthesis With Spinal Canal Narrowing
• Case 2. Spondylolisthesis Without Spinal Canal Narrowing
• Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
• ADEM of Thoracic Cord
• ADEM of Cervical Cord
• Epidural Abscess
• Subacute Combined Degeneration of Spinal Cord (B12 De.ciency)
• 11 Fetal Imaging
• Introduction
• Normal MR Images of Fetus
• Normal Fetus
• Parasagittal Images of Normal Development
• Anencephaly
• Holoprosencephaly
• Alobar Holoprosencephaly
• Alobar Holoprosencephaly
• Septo-Optic Dysplasia
• Aplasia of the Corpus Callosum
• Dandy-Walker Malformation
• Fetal Hydrops
• Fetal Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
• 12 Miscellaneous
• Introduction
• Neuro.bromatosis
• Neuro.bromatosis 1 and Bilateral Optic Nerve and Chiasm Glioma
• Neuro.bromatosis 1 and Unilateral Optic Nerve Glioma
• Neuro.bromatosis 1 and “Hamartomas”: Myelin Vacuolization in Supratentorial Area
• Neuro.bromatosis 1 and “Hamartomas”: Myelin Vacuolization in Cerebellum and Pons
• Neuro.bromatosis 1 and Plexiform Neuro.broma of the Skin
• Sturge-Weber Syndrome
• Classic Sturge-Weber Syndrome
• Leptomeningeal Angioma and Prominent Choroid Plexus
• Classic Sturge-Weber Syndrome with Hemiatrophy and Calvarial Changes
• Tuberous Sclerosis
• Tuberous Sclerosis and Subependymal Nodules and Cortical Tubers
• Tuberous Sclerosis and Radial Bands and Cortical Tubers
• Tuberous Sclerosis and Parenchymal Calci.cation
• Tuberous Sclerosis and Cortical Dysplasia-Mimicking Lesion
• Tuberous Sclerosis and Giant Cell Astrocytoma, Subependymal and Subcortical Tubers
• Tuberous Sclerosis and Low-Grade Glioma
• Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
• Bilateral Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
• Hippocampus, Fornix and Mamillary Body Involvement in a Patient with Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
• Unilateral Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
• Pituitary-Hypothalamic Axis Anomalies
• Absent Pituitary Gland
• Ectopic Posterior Pituitary Gland
• Thickening of the Pituitary Stalk
• Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
• Arachnoid Cyst
• Arachnoid Cyst with Enlargement of the Calvaria
• Arachnoid Cyst with Midline Cyst
• Arachnoid Cyst with Calvarial Remodeling
• Arachnoid Cyst in the Posterior Fossa
• Dermoid Cyst (Ectodermal Inclusion Cyst)
• Neuroepithelial (Ependymal) Cyst
• Temporal Lobe Cysts and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Lenticulostriate Vasculopathy
• Craniosynostosis
• Subject Index