Neuro-Ophthalmology and Neuro-Otology. A Case-Based Guide for Clinicians and Scientists

SECTION 1 – PUPILS, EYELID, ORBIT, VISUAL PATHWAYS

 

1) Pupil

i. Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

ii. Horner syndrome

iii. 3rd nerve palsy

iv. Tonic pupil

 

2) Eyeli              

i. Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

ii. Myasthenia gravis

iii. Neurologic eyelid retraction (dorsal midbrain syndrome)

iv. Eyelid spasms

 

3) Orbit/globe

i. Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

ii. Thyroid eye disease

iii. Eye pain (angle closure)

iv. Red eye (CCF)

 

4) Retina

i. Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

ii. Central retinal artery occlusion

iii. Photopsias

 

5) Optic nerve

i. Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

ii. NAION

iii. Giant cell arteritis

iv. Optic neuritis

v. Papilledema

 

6) Chiasm

i. Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

ii. Apoplexy

iii. Pituitary tumor

 

7) Retro-chiasmal

i. Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

ii. Optic tract

iii. Lateral geniculate nucleus

iv. Optic radiations

v. Occipital lobe

 

8) Higher cortical visual disorders

i. Posterior cortical atrophy

ii. Hallucinations

iii. Cortical blindness

 

 

SECTION 2 – MOTILITY & OCULAR MOTOR DISORDERS

 

9) Subarachnoid space, cavernous sinus, orbital apex

i. Subarachnoid space (multiple neoplastic cranial neuropathies)

ii. Cavernous sinus (Tolosa Hunt)

iii. Orbital apex (infectious)

 

10) Medulla

i. Wallenberg syndrome

ii. Chiari

 

11) Pons

i. MLF

ii. One-and-a-half syndrome

iii. 6th nerve

 

12) Midbrain 

i. Parinaud syndrome

ii. Nuclear 3rd nerve palsy

iii. 4th nerve

 

13) Basal ganglia

i. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

ii.Parkinson’s disease and convergence insufficiency

iii. Huntington’s disease

 

14) Cerebellum

i. Paraneoplastic (opsoclonus)

ii.Spinocerebellar ataxia (downbeat nystagmus)

 

 

SECTION 3 – VESTIBULAR DISORDERS

 

15) Acute vestibular syndrome - Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

i. Vestibular neuritis

ii. Stroke

 

16) BPPV - Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

i. Posterior Canal

ii. Horizontal Canal

iii. Central Positional

 

17) Vestibular Migraine

i. Dissection mimic

 

18) Ménière

i. AICA mimic

 

19) Chronic vestibular

i. Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness

ii. Mal de Debarquement Syndrome

 

20) Episodic vestibular

i. Superior Canal Dehiscence Syndrome

ii. Vestibular paroxysmia

iii. TIA

 

 

SECTION 4 – NYSTAGMUS & OSCILLOPSIA

 

21) Anatomy, physiology, examination techniques

 

22) Nystagmus

i. Downbeat nystagmus

ii. Upbeat Nystagmus

iii. Periodic Alternating Nystagmus

iv. Oculopalatal Tremor

v. Multiple Sclerosis-related Pendular

vi. Gaze-evoked versus physiologic end point nystagmus

 

23) Saccadic intrusions

i. Square Wave Jerks

ii. Opsoclonus/Ocular Flutter

 

24) Oscillopsia

i. Bilateral Vestibular Loss

ii.Nystagmus/oscillations

 

 

SECTION 5 – HELP ME NOW! A SYMPTOM BASED APPROACH

 

25) Vision loss

 

26) Anisocoria/fixed dilated pupil

 

27) Ptosis

 

28) Diplopia

 

29) Ophthalmoplegia

 

30) Abnormal eye movements

 

31) Acute prolonged vertigo

 

32) Episodic vertigo

 

33) Chronic dizziness