Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine in Ophthalmology

Description

- reviews the increasingly important role of biomaterials and regenerative medicine in the advancement of ophthalmology and optometry
- provides an overview of the present status and future direction of biomaterials and regenerative medicine in this important field
- discusses applications in both the anterior and prosterior segments of the eye with chapters on such topics as synthetic corneal implants and retinal repair and regeneration

With an increasingly aged population, eye diseases are becoming more widespread. Biomaterials have contributed in recent years to numerous medical devices for the restoration of eyesight, improving many patients’ quality of life. Consequently, biomaterials and regenerative medicine are becoming increasingly important to the advances of ophthalmology and optometry. Biomaterials and regenerative medicine in ophthalmology reviews the present status and future direction of biomaterials and regenerative medicine in this important field.

Part one discusses applications in the anterior segment of the eye with chapters on such topics as advances in intraocular lenses (IOLs), synthetic corneal implants, contact lenses, and tissue engineering of the lens. Part two then reviews applications in the posterior segment of the eye with such chapters on designing hydrogels as vitreous substitutes, retinal repair and regeneration and the development of tissue engineered membranes. Chapters in Part three discuss other pertinent topics such as hydrogel sealants for wound repair in ophthalmic surgery, orbital enucleation implants and polymeric materials for orbital reconstruction.

With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Biomaterials and regenerative medicine in ophthalmology will be a standard reference for scientists and clinicians, as well as all those concerned with this ophthalmology.

About the editor

Professor Traian Chirila is a senior scientist at the Queensland Eye Institute, Australia. Professor Chirila has over thirty years experience in polymer science and biomaterials and is highly respected for his ongoing contribution to the field of ophthalmology.

Contents

An introduction to ophthalmic biomaterials and their application through tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
T V Chirila, Queensland Eye Institute, Australia
- Introduction
- Development of ophthalmic biomaterials: a brief history
- Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in ophthalmology
- About this book
- Dedication and acknowledgements
- References

PART 1 APPLICATIONS IN THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT

Advances in intraocular lens development
D Morrison, B Klenkler, D Morarescu and H Sheardown, McMaster University, Canada
- Introduction
- Native lens structure
- Cataracts
- Cataract surgery and intraocular lens materials
- Biological responses to intraocular lens materials
- Multifocal intraocular lenses
- Accommodating intraocular lenses
- Lens refilling
- Conclusions
- References

Opacification and degradation of implanted intraocular lenses
L Werner, University of Utah, USA
- Introduction
- Opacification and degradation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lenses
- Opacification and degradation of silicone intraocular lenses
- Opacification and degradation of hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses
- Opacification and degradation of hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses
- Conclusions
- References

Synthetic corneal implants
M D M Evans, CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies and Vision CRC, D F Sweeney, Vision CRC and Institute for Eye Research, Australia
- The function and structure of the cornea
- Using the cornea to correct refractive error
- Subtractive approaches to correct refractive error: refractive surgery
- Additive approaches to correct refractive error: corneal implants
- Corneal repair and replacement
- Future trends
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References

Corneal tissue engineering versus synthetic artificial corneas
M A Princz and H Sheardown, McMaster University and M Griffith, University of Ottawa, Canada
- The cornea
- The need for an artificial cornea
- Artificial cornea
- Keratoprosthesis
- Tissue-engineered corneal equivalents
- Conclusions
- References

Tissue engineering of human cornea
S Proulx, M Guillemette, P Carrier, F A Auger and L Germain, Laval University, C J Giasson, Montréal University, M Gaudreault and S L Guérin, CHCRUQ Laval University, Canada
- Introduction
- Cell source
- Corneal tissue reconstruction
- In vitro experimental applications
- Clinical applications
- Future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- Acknowledgements
- References

Engineering the corneal epithelial cell response to materials
J T Jacob, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, USA
- Surface properties influencing cell adhesion
- Engineering cellular adhesion
- Engineering corneal epithelium attachment and growth
- References

Reconstruction of the ocular surface using biomaterials
T V Chirila, L W Hirst, Z Barnard and Zainuddin, Queensland Eye Institute, Australia; D G Harkin Queensland University of Technology, Australia, I R Schwab, University of California, Davis, USA
- Introduction
- Treatment of ocular surface disorders
- Ex vivo expansion of ocular surface epithelial cells
- Corneal equivalents as replacements or study models
- Naturally derived biomaterials as substrata for tissue-engineered epithelial constructs
- Synthetic biomaterials as substrata for tissue-engineered epithelial constructs
- Strategies based on thermoresponsive polymers
- Preliminary evaluation of silk fibroin as a substratum for human limbal epithelial cells
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References

Tissue engineering of the lens: fundamentals
A Gwon, University of California, Irvine USA
- Introduction
- In vitro engineering of the lens
- In vivo lens regeneration
- Scaffolds
- Potential human application
- Conclusions
- Future trends
- Acknowledgements
- References

Bioinspired biomaterials for soft contact lenses
T Goda, T Shimizu and K Ishihara, University of Tokyo, Japan
- Introduction
- Bioinspired phospholipid polymer
- Requirements for biocompatible soft contact lenses
- Phospholipid polymer for daily-wear soft contact lenses
- Phospholipid polymer for daily-disposable soft contact lenses
- Phospholipid polymer for continuous-wear soft contact lenses
- New developments
- Conclusions
- Future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References

Contact lenses: the search for superior oxygen permeability
N Efron, Queensland University of Technology, Australia, P B Morgan and C Maldonado-Codina, The University of Manchester, UK and N A Brennan, Brennan Consultants Pty Ltd, Australia
- Introduction
- Silicone hydrogel contact lenses
- Oxygen performance of silicone hydrogel lenses
- Corneal oxygen availability with silicone hydrogel lenses
- Conclusions
- References

Extended wear contact lenses
B J Tighe, Aston University, UK
- Introduction
- Oxygen: corneal requirements and the limitations of hydrogel permeability
- The evolution of contact lens materials: the drive for increased permeability
- Exploitation of Silicon and Fluorine: silicone rubber and RGPs
- The need for water: emergence of silicone hydrogels
- Ciba patent WO 96/31792 (Nicholson et al., 1996)
- Commercial products and further patents
- Conclusions
- References

PART 2 APPLICATIONS IN THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT

Designing hydrogels as vitreous substitutes in ophthalmic surgery
K E Swindle-Reilly and N Ravi, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
- Introduction
- Biomechanics of vitreous humor
- Vitreous substitutes
- Osmotic pressure
- Conclusions and recommendations
- Future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References

Retinal repair and regeneration
G A Limb and J S Ellis, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, UK
- Introduction
- Retinogenesis and stem cells in the adult human eye
- Regeneration of neural retina
- Natural barriers for stem cell transplantation to regenerate neural retina
- Biomaterials in retinal repair and regeneration
- Conclusions
- References

Development of tissue-engineered membranes for the culture and transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells
A S L Kwan, T V Chirila and S Cheng, Queensland Eye Institute, Australia
- Introduction
- The scale of the problem of AMD
- RPE-Bruch’s membrane complex and the effect of aging
- Summary of aetiology and management of age-related macular degeneration
- Retinal pigment epithelium transplantation from animals to human
- Biomaterials for retinal pigment epithelium cell culture and transplantation
- Conclusions and future trends
- Acknowledgements
- References

PART 3 OTHER APPLICATIONS

Hydrogel sealants for wound repair in ophthalmic surgery
M Wathier and M W Grinstaff, Boston University, USA
- Introduction
- Background and clinical needs
- Hydrogel sealants
- Short commentary on future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- Acknowledgements
- References

Orbital enucleation implants: biomaterials and design
D A Sami, Children’s Hospital of Orange County and S R Young, California Pacific Medical Center, USA
- Introduction
- Historical perspective on enucleation
- Orbital anatomy and physiology after enucleation
- Motility implants
- Porous implants
- Trends in paediatric enucleation
- Gaps in scientific knowledge and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References

Selected polymeric materials for orbital reconstruction
E Wentrup-Byrne and K George, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
- Introduction
- Repair strategies
- Nature of the trauma and its influence on material choice
- Choice of materials for repair
- Non-biodegradable polymers
- Biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers
- The future: composite materials, bone regeneration and tissue engineering
- References

Physicochemical properties of hydrogels for use in ophthalmology
B J Tighe Aston University, UK
- Introduction
- Water in hydrogels: effects of monomer structure
- Effect of hydrogel water content on properties
- Modified hydrogels
- References