Regenerative Medicine and Biomaterials for the Repair of Connective Tissues

Description

addresses the natural association between cartilage, tendons and ligaments which is often not made
- provides a review of the different structures, biomechanics and practical techniques which are used in the repair of connective tissues
- chapters focus on such areas as cartilage repair and regeneration, the repair of tendons and ligaments, investigating techniques including scaffolds and cell-based therapies

Regenerative medicine for the repair of connective tissues is a fast moving field which generates a lot of interest. Unfortunately the biomaterials and biomechanics for soft tissue repair has been under-represented in the past. Particularly the natural association between cartilage, tendons and ligaments is often not made.

Regenerative medicine and biomaterials for the repair of connective tissues addresses this gap in the market by bringing together the natural association of cartilage, tendons and ligaments to provide a review of the different structures, biomechanics and, more importantly, provide a clear discussion of practical techniques and biomaterials which may be used to repair the connective tissues.

Part one discusses cartilage repair and regeneration with chapters on such topics as structure, biomechanics and repair of cartilage. Chapters in Part two focus on the repair of tendons on ligaments with particular techniques including cell-based therapies for the repair and regeneration of tendons and ligaments and scaffolds for tendon and ligament tissue engineering.

About the editors

Dr. Charles Archer is Professor of Reparative biology and tissue engineering at Cardiff University, UK.
Dr. Jim Ralphs also works at Cardiff University and is highly regarded for his research on connective tissues.

Contents

The structure and regenerative capacity of synovial joint tissues
A-M Säämänen, University of Turku, J P A Arokoski, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, J S Jurvelin, University of Kuopio, I Kiviranta, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Introduction
- Structure and function of synovial joint
- Joint tissues and their biomechanical properties
- Resident mesenchymal progenitor cells in synovial joint tissues
- Conclusions and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References

The myofibroblast in connective tissue repair and regeneration
B Hinz, University of Toronto, Canada
- Introduction
- Myofibroblasts: Humble tissue construction workers
- Know thy enemy: a quick guide to identify the myofibroblast
- Origins of the myofibroblast
- Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and the myofibroblast phenotype: regeneration, repair or risk?
- What drives myofibroblast differentiation?
- Lessons to be learned from the myofibroblast for the effective use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
- Conclusions and future trends
- References

PART 1 CARTILAGE REPAIR AND REGENERATION

The structure of articular cartilage
E B Hunziker, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Introduction
- General structure and function of articular cartilage
- Dual function of immature articular cartilage during postnatal growth
- Physiological mechanism underlying the evolution of a mature from an immature articular cartilage structure
- Inter-species differences in articular cartilage structure, and structure-function correlations in humans
- References

Measuring the biomechanical properties of cartilage cells
D L Bader and M M Knight, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Introduction
- Measurement of chondrocyte biomechanics
- Intracellular biomechanics
- Biomechanical conditioning of chondrocytes
- Future trends
- Acknowledgements
- References

Understanding tissue response to cartilage injury
F Dell’Accio, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry and T L Vincent, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, UK
- Introduction
- Clinical in vivo cartilage injury
- Animal models of cartilage injury
- In vitro cartilage injury
- Conclusions
- References

Understanding osteoarthritis and other cartilage diseases
T Aigner, Medical Center Coburg, N Schmitz, University of Leipzig and S Söder, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany
- Introduction
- The normal joint
- Major cartilage pathology and pathobiology
- In vivo cartilage repair
- Grading/scoring systems for cartilage degeneration
- Grading/scoring of cartilage repair
- Sources of further information and advice
- Future trends
- References

Using animal models of cartilage repair to screen new clinical techniques
C W McIlwraith, Colorado State University, USA
- Introduction
- Review of models in non-equine species
- Early equine models of cartilage repair
- Current models of cartilage repair in the equine femoropatellar and fermorotibial joints
- Current status of animal models of cartilage repair
- References and further reading

Cartilage tissue repair: autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty
L Hangody, Uzsoki Hospital, Hungary, G Kish, Saint George Medical, USA, T Koreny, Orthopaedic Clinic, L R Hangody, Semmelweis Medical School and L Módis, Debrecen Medical School, Hungary
- Introduction
- The development of the mosaicplasty resurfacing technique: animal and other studies
- Surgical technique: pre-operative planning
- Surgical instruments and choice of surgical technique
- Arthroscopic mosaicplasty
- Summary
- References

Cartilage tissue repair: autologous chondrocyte implantation
M Brittberg, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Introduction
- Chondrogeneic cell implantation
- Articular or other types of chondrocytes, allogeneic or autologous chondrocytes? Autologous chondrocytes
- Human clinical use and studies with autologous chondrocyte implantation
- Other joints besides the knee joint
- Clinical follow-up results
- Imaging evaluation of the cartilage repair
- Randomised controlled studies
- Chondrocyte implantation and osteoarthritis (OA)
- Conclusions and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References

Cell sheet technologies for cartilage repair
M Sato Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
- Introduction
- Overview of present clinical applications
- Challenge for cartilage repair
- Properties of chondrocyte sheet
- Future trends in cartilage repair
- Regulations regarding regenerative medicine in Japan
- References

Cell therapies for articular cartilage repair: chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells
R Andriamanalijaona, University of Caen, France
- Introduction
- The chondrocyte: a unique cell
- The macromolecular network and biomechanical properties of cartilage
- Phenotypic changes
- Cell therapy for articular cartilage repair: chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
- The use of chemical compounds to enhance matrix production
- Strategies to maintain the chondrogenic phenotype: the use of three-dimensional systems
- Use of exogenous growth factors to promote chondrogenic phenotype
- Use of gene therapy to deliver chondrogenic factors
- Control of chondrocyte phenotype and chondrogenesis by hydrostatic pressure
- Use of low oxygen tension in cartilage repair
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References and further reading

Scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering
H Li and J H Elisseeff, John Hopkins University, USA
- Introduction
- Cell types utilized for tissue regeneration
- Scaffolds for engineering musculoskeletal tissue
- Tissue remodelling
- Matrix stimulation and cell-cell communications in tissue regeneration
- Future trends and perspectives
- References

Outcome measures of articular cartilage repair
M E Trice, John Hopkins University and school of medicine, USA
- Introduction
- Patient-based (subjective) outcome measures
- Process centered (objective) outcomes measures
- Conclusions
- References

PART 2 REPAIR OF TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS

The structure of tendons and ligaments
M Benjamin, Cardiff University, UK
- Introduction
- Basic aspects of cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) structure
- Specialised regions of tendons and ligaments
- Conclusions
- References

Tendon biomechanics
M Kjaer, Bispebjerg Hospital and University of Copenhagen, S P Magnusson, University of Copenhagen and A Mackey, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
- Introduction
- Biochemical adaptation of tendon to loading
- Biomechanics of human tendon
- References

Tendon injury and repair mechanisms
N Maffulli, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK, U G Longo, P Sharma and V Denaro, Campus Biomedico University, Italy
- Introduction: tendon injury
- Tendinopathy
- Genetics
- Tendon rupture
- Pain in tendinopathy
- Tendon healing following acute injuries
- Conclusions
- References

Tissue engineering for ligament and tendon repair
M Lee and B M Wu, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Introduction
- Tissue engineering approaches for ligament and tendon repair
- Reconstruction of ligaments and tendons
- Future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References

Cell-based therapies for the repair and regeneration of tendons and ligaments
R K W Smith, The Royal Veterinary College, UK
- Introduction
- The rationale behind the use of cells to treat tendon and ligament injuries
- Cell choice for tendon and ligament treatment
- Mixed cell populations
- Allogenic versus autologous sources
- Proposed beneficial actions of stem cells on tendon healing
- Stem cell induced tenogenesis in vitro
- Stem cell induced tenogenesis in vivo
- Conclusions
- Sources of further information and advice
- References

Scaffolds for tendon and ligament tissue engineering
J C H Goh and S Sahoo, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Criteria and requirements for tendon/ligament tissue engineering scaffolds
- Biomaterials for tendon and ligament tissue engineering
- Scaffold architecture
- Functional scaffolds
- Future trends
- References