Handbook of Imaging the Alzheimer Brain

Description

Alzheimer’s disease is a common problem that is becoming progressively more prevalent and burdensome to the world. Through better recognition of this disease and more precise diagnosis, led by brain imaging in the appropriate clinical context, it is our sincere hope that mankind can conquer this terrible disease.

This handbook was developed to provide an overview of the state of the art of brain-imaging approaches that have recently emerged to reveal the critical characteristics of brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. It provides numerous chapters that examine this critical phase of Alzheimer’s disease, as well as chapters that discuss diagnosis, early biomarkers, late changes, the role of vascular disease, treatment, progression of the disease, determining the variability of the manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease, and estimating the utility of these metrics of disease severity for examining the effects of treatments.

Each of 10 sections addresses a particular neuroimaging modality that has been found to be useful in understanding or diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease. Each section features an introduction to the particular technique and its potential for informing clinical care or evaluating novel therapies for Alzheimer’s patients. Chapters in each section provide clinicians with specific information as to how the particular neuroimaging technique is or can be useful in a clinical setting, from radiology to primary care, and address specific advances in the various types of neuroimaging. The book includes brief overviews of imaging of Alzheimer’s disease and reviews fundamental principles for neuroimaging pathological changes that it causes, with an emphasis on practical and future applications.

Table of Contents

• Preface
  J. Wesson Ashford, Sandra E. Black, Giovanni Frisoni, George Perry

• Section 1: Imaging the Alzheimer Brain: The Pathology and Pathophysiolgical Bases of Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Advancing Diagnostic Imaging
• Introduction
• Introduction to Imaging the Alzheimer Brain: The Pathology and Pathophysiological Bases of Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Advancing Diagnostic Imaging
  J. Wesson Ashford, Ahmad Salehi, Ansgar Furst, Peter Bayley
• Hippocampal Network Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease and DownSyndrome: From Structure to Therapy
  Martha Millan Sanchez, Sarah Moghadam, Priyanka Naik, Kara J. Martin, Ahmad Salehi
• Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative and Ventricular Changes in the Elderly
  Ronald A. Cohen, Assawin Gongvatana, Brian R. Ott

• Section 2: Structural Imaging to Diagnose and Measure Alzheimer-Related Brain Changes
• Introduction
• Structural Imaging
  Peter J. Bayley, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Clifford R. Jack Jr
• Cognitive Performance and Its Relation to Brain Morphology in MCI and AD
  Philipp A. Thomann, Vasco Dos Santos, Torsten Wüstenberg, Ulrich Seidl, Marco Essig, Johannes Schröder
• Patterns of Cortical Thickness in Pathologically-Confirmed Typical and Atypical Alzheimer's Disease
  Manja Lehmann, Jonathan D. Rohrer, Matthew J. Clarkson, Gerard R. Ridgway, Rachael I. Scahill, Marc Modat, Jason D. Warren, Sebastien Ourselin, Josephine Barnes, Martin N. Rossor, Nick C. Fox
• Volumetry of the Olfactory Bulb and Tract: Relation to Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy and to Cognitive Performance in MCI and AD
  Philipp A. Thomann, Vasco Dos Santos, Torsten Wüstenberg, Ulrich Seidl, Elmar Kaiser, Pablo Toro, Marco Essig, Johannes Schröder
• Presence of ApoE ε4 Allele Associated with Thinner Frontal Cortex in Middle Age
  Christine Fennema-Notestine, Matthew S. Panizzon, Wesley R. Thompson, Chi-Hua Chen, Lisa T. Eyler, Bruce Fischl, Carol E. Franz, Michael D. Grant, Amy J. Jak, Terry L. Jernigan, Michael J. Lyons, Michael C. Neale, Larry J. Seidman, Ming T. Tsuang, Hong Xian, Anders M. Dale, William S. Kremen
• Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies can be Differentiated by High Resolution MR Imaging of the Hippocampus
  Michael J. Firbank, Andrew M. Blamire, Andrew Teodorczuk, Dipayan Mitra, Emma Teper, John T. O'Brien
• Automated Volumetric Methods to Detect Alzheimer's Disease
  Pedro Paulo de Magalhães Oliveira Jr., Ricardo Nitrini, Geraldo Busatto, Carlos Buchpiguel, João Ricardo Sato, Edson Amaro Jr.
• Survey of Protocols for the Manual Segmentation of the Hippocampus: Preparatory Steps Towards a Joint EADC-ADNI Harmonized Protocol
  Marina Boccardi, Rossana Ganzola, Martina Bocchetta, Michela Pievani, Alberto Redolfi, George Bartzokis, Richard Camicioli, John G. Csernansky, Mony J. de Leon, Leyla deToledo-Morrell, Ronald J. Killiany, Stéphane Lehéricy, Johannes Pantel, Jens C. Pruessner, H. Soininen, Craig Watson, Simon Duchesne, Clifford R. Jack Jr, Giovanni B. Frisoni
• Relationship Between CSF Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease and Rates of Regional Cortical Thinning in ADNI Data
  Duygu Tosun, Norbert Schuff, Leslie M. Shaw, John Q. Trojanowski, Michael W. Weiner
• Quantitative Structural MRI and CSF Biomarkers in Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
  Miroslaw Brys, Lidia Glodzik, Lisa Mosconi, Remigiusz Switalski, Susan De Santi, Elizabeth Pirraglia, Kenneth Rich, Byeong C. Kim, Pankaj Mehta, Ray Zinkowski, Domenico Pratico, Anders Wallin, Henryk Zetterberg, Wai H. Tsui, Henry Rusinek, Kaj Blennow, Mony J. de Leon
• Ultra-High Field 7T MRI: A New Tool for Studying Alzheimer's Disease
  Geoffrey A. Kerchner

• Section 3: Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow, Glucose Metabolism, Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles in AD
• Introduction
• Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow, Glucose Metabolism, Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles in AD
  Ansgar J. Furst, Osama Sabri
• Nuclear Medicine Diagnostic Techniques in the Era of Pathophysiology-Based CSF Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease
  Markus Weih, Ümüt Degirmenci, Sebastian Kreil, Gerald Suttner, Daniela Schmidt, Johannes Kornhuber, Piotr Lewczuk, Torsten Kuwert
• Unawareness of Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease may be reflected by Perfusion SPECT
  Fereshteh Sedaghat, Stavros J. Baloyannis
• Brain Perfusion and Neuropsychological Deficits in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer's Disease
  Montserrat Alegret, Georgina Vinyes-Junqué, Mercè Boada, Pablo Martínez-Lage, Gemma Cuberas, Ana Espinosa, Isabel Roca, Isabel Hernández, Sergi Valero, Maitée Rosende-Roca, Ana Mauleón, James T. Becker, Lluís Tárraga
• Neural Correlates of Controlled Memory Processes in Questionable Alzheimer's Disease
  Christine Bastin, Nacer Kerrouche, Françoise Lekeu, Stéphane Adam, Bénédicte Guillaume, Christian Lemaire, Joël Aerts, Géry d'Ydewalle, Fabienne Collette, Eric Salmon
• The Value of SPECT in Detecting Alzheimer-Type Neurodegeneration in Mild Cognitive Impairment
  Flavio Nobili, Fabrizio De Carli, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Florence Portet, Frans Verhey, Guido Rodriguez, Anna Caroli, Jacques Touchon, Silvia Morbelli, Ugo P. Guerra, Barbara Dessi, Andrea Brugnolo, Pieter Jelle Visser
• A Tale of Two Tracers: Glucose Metabolism and Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease
  Lisa Mosconi, Valentina Berti, Pauline McHugh, Alberto Pupi, Mony J. de Leon
• Amyloid-β and Glucose Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease
  Ansgar J. Furst, Rayhan A. Lal
• Florbetaben to Trace Amyloid-β in the Alzheimer Brain by Means of PET
  Henryk Barthel, Osama Sabri
• Effects of Hypoperfusion in Alzheimer's Disease
  Benjamin P. Austin, Veena A. Nair, Timothy B. Meier, Guofan Xu, Howard A. Rowley, Cynthia M. Carlsson, Sterling C. Johnson, Vivek Prabhakaran
• The Merits of FDDNP-PET Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease
  Jonghan Shin, Vladimir Kepe, Jorge R. Barrio, Gary W. Small
• Research Towards Tau Imaging
  Jordan R. Jensen, Katryna Cisek, Kristen E. Funk, Swati Naphade, Kelsey N. Schafer, Jeff Kuret

• Section 4: Current Advances in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Alzheimer's Disease
• Introduction
• Current Advances in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Alzheimer's Disease
  Maheen M. Adamson
• Combining MRI Modalities to Study Visual and Default-Mode Networks in a-MCI
  Roser Sala-Llonch, Beatriz Bosch, Eider M. Arenaza-Urquijo, Lorena Rami, Núria Bargalló, Carme Junqué, José-Luis Molinuevo, David Bartrés-Faz
• Verbal Working Memory in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impaired Subjects: An fMRI Study
  Arun L.W. Bokde, Michaela Karmann, Christine Born, Stefan J. Teipel, Muamer Omerovic, Michael Ewers, Thomas Frodl, Eva Meisenzahl, Maximilian Reiser, Hans-Jürgen Möller, Harald Hampel
• Disease Tracking Markers for Alzheimer's Disease at the Prodromal (MCI) Stage
  Valeria Drago, Claudio Babiloni, David Bartrés-Faz, Anna Caroli, Beatriz Bosch, Tilman Hensch, Mira Didic, Hans-Wolfgang Klafki, Michela Pievani, Jorge Jovicich, Luca Venturi, Philipp Spitzer, Fabrizio Vecchio, Peter Schoenknecht, Jans Wiltfang, Alberto Redolfi, Gianluigi Forloni, Olivier Blin, Elaine Irving, Ceri Davis, Hans-goran Hårdemark, Giovanni B. Frisoni

• Section 5: Electromagnetic Brain Mapping: EEG, EP, ERP, and their Magnetic Equivalents
• Introduction
• Electromagnetic Brain Mapping
  Kerry L. Coburn, John Olichney, J. Wesson Ashford
• EEG Changes are Specifically Associated with Atrophy in Amydala and Hippocampus in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment
  Davide V. Moretti, Orazio Zanetti, Giuliano Binetti, Giovanni B. Frisoni
• Resting State Cortical Rhythms in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: Electroencephalographic Evidence
  Claudio Babiloni, Fabrizio Vecchio, Roberta Lizio, Raffaele Ferri, Guido Rodriguez, Nicola Marzano, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Paolo M. Rossini
• Working Memory Electroencephalographic Patterns in Subtypes of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
  Marie-Pierre Deiber, Vicente Ibáñez, Gabriel Gold, Panteleimon Giannakopoulos
• Cognitive Event-Related Potentials: Biomarkers of Synaptic Dysfunction Across the Stages of Alzheimer's Disease
  John M. Olichney, Jin-Chen Yang, Jason Taylor, Marta Kutas
• P300 Energy Loss in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
  J. Wesson Ashford, Kerry L. Coburn, Terrence L. Rose, Peter J. Bayley
• Evaluation and Tracking of Alzheimer's Disease Severity Using Resting-State Magnetoencephalography
  Todd A. Verdoorn, J. Riley McCarten, David B. Arcienegas, Richard Golden, Leslie Moldauer, Apostolos Georgopoulos, Scott Lewis, Michael Cassano, Laura Hemmy, William Orr, Donald C. Rojas

• Section 6: Diffusion Tensor Imaging
• Introduction
• Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  Norbert Schuff
• Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Hippocampus in MCI and Early Alzheimer's Disease
  Andreas Fellgiebel, Igor Yakushev
• Detection of Alzheimer's Disease with Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Deformation-Based Morphometry
  Uwe Friese, Thomas Meindl, Sabine C. Herpertz, Maximilian F. Reiser, Harald Hampel, Stefan J. Teipel
• Mapping the Structural Brain Changes in Alzheimer's Disease: The Independent Contribution of Two Imaging Modalities
  Elisa Canu, Donald G. McLaren, Michele E. Fitzgerald, Barbara B. Bendlin, Giada Zoccatelli, Franco Alessandrini, Francesca B. Pizzini, Giuseppe K. Ricciardi, Alberto Beltramello, Sterling C. Johnson, Giovanni B. Frisoni
• Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Based Individual Prediction of Cognitive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment Using a Support Vector Machine Analysis
  Sven Haller, Duy Nguyen, Cristelle Rodriguez, Joan Emch, Gabriel Gold, Andreas Bartsch, Karl O. Lovblad, Panteleimon Giannakopoulos
• Multiple Diffusion Indices Reveals White Matter Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study
  Ni Shu, Zhiqun Wang, Zhigang Qi, Kuncheng Li, Yong He
• DTI Analyses and Clinical Applications in Alzheimer's Disease
  Kenichi Oishi, Michelle M. Mielke, Marilyn Albert, Constantine G. Lyketsos, Susumu Mori
• White Matter Microstructure in Relation to Education in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
  Stefan J. Teipel, Thomas Meindl, Maximilian Wagner, Thomas Kohl, Katharina Bürger, Maximilian F. Reiser, Sabine Herpertz, Hans-Jürgen Möller, Harald Hampel
• Searching for Novel Biomarkers Using High Resolution Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  Michael A. Yassa

• Section 7 Magenetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Introduction
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  Daniel Spielman
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Detects Metabolic Changes within the Medial Temporal Lobe in aMCI
  Mira Didic, Jean Philippe Ranjeva, Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Sylviane Confort-Gouny, Olivier Felician, Yann Le Fur, Eve Tramoni, Julien Mancini, Michel Poncet, Patrick J Cozzone, Mathieu Ceccaldi
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Detection of Early Alzheimer's Disease
  Eric Westman, Lars-Olof Wahlund, Catherine Foy, Michaela Poppe, Allison Cooper, Declan Murphy, Christian Spenger, Simon Lovestone, Andrew Simmons

• Section 8: Longitudinal Neuroimaging Measures: Windows into Progression of Disease and Potential Endpoints for Clinical Trials
• Introduction
• Longitudinal Neuroimaging Measures: Windows into Progression of Disease and Potential Endpoints for Clinical Trials
  Steve D. Edland
• Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative: A Plan to Accelerate the Evaluation of Presymptomatic Treatments
  Eric M. Reiman, Jessica B.S. Langbaum, Adam S. Fleisher, Richard J. Caselli, Kewei Chen, Napatkamon Ayutyanont, Yakeel T. Quiroz, Kenneth S. Kosik, Francisco Lopera, Pierre N. Tariot
• MR Spectroscopy for Assessment of Memantine Treatment in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer Dementia
  J.W. Ashford, M. Adamson, T. Beale, D. La, B. Hernandez, A. Noda, A. Rosen, R. O'Hara, J. K. Fairchild, D. Spielman, J.A. Yesavage
• Effects of a 6-Month Cognitive Intervention on Brain Metabolism in Patients with Amnestic MCI and Mild Alzheimer's Disease
  Stefan Förster, Verena C. Buschert, Stefan J. Teipel, Uwe Friese, Hans-Georg Buchholz, Alexander Drzezga, Harald Hampel, Peter Bartenstein, Katharina Buerger
• Cognitive Training Changes Hippocampal Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study
  Allyson C. Rosen, Lisa Sugiura, Joel H. Kramer, Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli, John D. Gabrieli
• Validation and Pilot Application of [18F]FDG-PET in Evaluation of a Metabolic Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease
  Sofia Tzimopoulou, Vincent J. Cunningham, Thomas E. Nichols, Graham Searle, Nick P. Bird, Prafull Mistry, Ian J. Dixon, William A. Hallett, Brandon Whitcher, Andrew P. Brown, Marina Zvartau-Hind, Narinder Lotay, Robert Y.K. Lai, Mary Castiglia, Barbara Jeter, Julian C. Matthews, Kewei Chen, Dan Bandy, Eric M. Reiman, Michael Gold, Eugenii A. Rabiner, Paul M. Matthews
• An MRI Brain Atrophy and Lesion Index to Assess the Progression of Structural Changes in Alzheimer's Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Normal Aging: A Follow-Up Study
  Ningnannan Zhang, Xiaowei Song, Yunting Zhang, Wei Chen, Ryan C.N. D'Arcy, Sultan Darvesh, John D. Fisk, Kenneth Rockwood
• Power Calculations for Clinical Trials in Alzheimer's Disease
  M. Colin Ard, Steven D. Edland

• Section 9: Vascular Changes in the Brain Causing Dementia and Contributing to Alzheimer's Disease
• Introduction
• Vascular Co-morbidity and Alzheimer's Disease
  Sandra Black, Allyson Rosen
• Impact of Vascular Risk Factors on Brain Structure
  David S. Knopman, Rosebud Roberts
• Complexity of MRI White Matter Hyperintensity Assessments in Relation to Cognition in Aging and Dementia from the Sunnybrook Dementia Study
  Fu-qiang Gao, Richard H. Swartz, Philip Scheltens, Farrell S. Leibovitch, Alex Kiss, Kie Honjo, Sandra E. Black
• Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease with Cerebrovascular Lesions as a Distinctive Phenotype of the AβPP A713T Mutation in Southern Italy
  Livia Bernardi, Silvana Geracitano, Rosanna Colao, Gianfranco Puccio, Maura Gallo, Maria Anfossi, Francesca Frangipane, Sabrina A.M. Curcio, Maria Mirabelli, Carmine Tomaino, Elena Conidi, Franca Vasso, Nicoletta Smirne, Raffaele Maletta, Amalia C. Bruni

• Section 10: Neuroimaging in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease
• Introduction
• Neuroimaging in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease
  Allyson C. Rosen, David Kennedy
• Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Pre-States
  Charles D. Smith
• Discriminating Alzheimer's Patients from Cognitively Normal Older Adults Based on Hippocampal Volumes - Voxel-Based Morphometry with DARTEL and Standard Registration Versus Manual Volumetry
  Henry Ka-Fung Mak, Zhipeng Zhang, Kelvin Kai-Wing Yau, Linda Zhang, Queenie Chan, Leung-Wing Chu