Opto-Mechanical Systems Design

Description

After nearly two decades, Paul Yoder's Opto-Mechanical Systems Design continues to be the reference of choice for professionals fusing optical and mechanical components into advanced, high-performance instruments. Yoder's authoritative systems-oriented coverage and down-to-earth approach fosters the deep-seated knowledge needed to continually push the field to new limits.

Extensively revised and updated, this Third Edition reflects the massive growth and advancement achieved in the field over the past few years. It systematically examines the building blocks for new optical instruments and details new tools and techniques for designing, building, and testing optical systems hardware. The book includes revised, broad-based standards, equations for designing 26 types of prisms and lens, mirror, and prism mounts, state-of-the-art examples of designs for large mirrors and their mounts, and an expanded chapter that consolidates information on the design and mounting of metal mirrors. New sections include special protective coatings, manufacturing techniques, mounting lenses on flexures, and techniques for aligning lenses and lens systems in addition to two new chapters: one on designing and mounting small mirrors, gratings, and pellicles; the other, on analysis methods including damage and failure analysis.

Whether you are designing a high-resolution projector or the most sensitive space telescope, Opto-Mechanical Systems Design, Third Edition supplies the tools you need in a single, concise reference.

Features

• Offers a detailed overview of the latest developments and technologies in the field of opto-mechanics
• Explains statistical estimation of lifetime and ways to maximize fracture strength of optics
• Presents new theories for effects of temperature changes on mounting forces and stresses
• Includes new discussions of characteristics of the space environment, vibration criteria for sensitive equipment environments, and laser damage to optics
• Contains updated and expanded tables of mechanical properties featuring new materials

Table of Contents

Introduction
Conceptualization
Performance Specifications and Design Constraints
Preliminary Design
Design Analysis and Computer Modeling
Error Budgets and Tolerances
Experimental Modeling
Finalizing the Design
Design Reviews
Manufacturing the Instrument
Evaluating the End Product
Documenting the Design
References
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
Introduction
Parameters of Concern
Environmental Testing of Optics
References
OPTO-MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS
Introduction
Materials for Refracting Optics
Materials for Reflecting Optics
Materials for Mechanical Components
Adhesives
Sealants
Special Coatings for Opto-Mechanical Materials
Techniques for Manufacturing Opto-Mechanical Parts
References
MOUNTING INDIVIDUAL LENSES
Introduction
Considerations of Centered Optics
Cost Impacts of Fabrication Tolerances
Lens Weight and Center of Gravity Location
Mounting Individual Low-Precision Lenses
Mountings for Lenses with Curved Rims
Mountings Interfacing with Spherical Surfaces
Elastomeric Mountings for Lenses
Mounting Lenses on Flexures
Alignment of the Individual Lens
Mounting Plastic Lenses
References
MOUNTING MULTIPLE LENSES
Introduction
Multielement Spacing Considerations
Examples of Lens Assemblies with No Moving Parts
Examples of Lens Assemblies Containing Moving Parts
Lathe Assembly Techniques
Microscope Objectives
Assemblies Using Plastic Parts
Liquid Coupling of Lenses
Catadioptric Assemblies
Alignment of Multi-Lens Assemblies
Alignment of Reflecting Telescope Systems
References
MOUNTING WINDOWS AND FILTERS
Introduction
Conventional Window Mounts
Special Window Mounts
Mounts for Shells and Domes
Conformal Windows
Filter Mounts
Windows Subject to a Pressure Differential
References
DESIGNING AND MOUNTING PRISMS
Introduction
Geometric Relationships
Designs for Typical Prisms
Kinematic and Semikinematic Prism Mounting Principles
Mounting Prisms by Clamping
Mounting Prisms by Bonding
Flexure Mounts for Prisms
References
DESIGN AND MOUNTING SMALL, NONMETALLIC MIRRORS, GRATINGS, AND PELLICLES
Introduction
General Considerations
Semikinematic Mountings for Small Mirrors
Mounting Mirrors by Bonding
Flexure Mounts for Mirrors
Multiple-Mirror Mounts
Mountings for Gratings
Pellicle Design and Mounting
References
LIGHTWEIGHT NONMETALLIC MIRROR DESIGN
Introduction
Material Considerations
Core Cell Configurations
Cast Ribbed Substrates
Slotted-Strut and Fused Monolithic Substrates
Frit-Bonded Substrates
Low-Temperature Bonded Substrates
Machined-Core Substrates
Contoured-Back Solid Mirror Configurations
Thin Face Sheet Mirror Configurations
Scaling Relationships for Lightweight Mirrors
References
MOUNTING LARGE, HORIZONTAL-AXIS MIRRORS
Introduction
General Considerations of Gravity Effects
V-Type Mounts
Multipoint Edge Supports
The Ideal Radial Mount
Mercury Tube Mounts
Strap and Roller-Chain Mounts
Push-Pull Mounts
Comparison of Dynamic Relaxation and Finite-Element Analysis Techniques
References
MOUNTING LARGE VERTICAL-AXIS MIRRORS
Introduction
Ring Mounts
Air Bag (Bladder) Mounts
Multiple-Point Supports
Metrology Mounts
References
MOUNTING LARGE, VARIABLE-ORIENTATION MIRRORS
Introduction
Mechanical Flotation Mounts
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Mounts
Center-Mounted Mirrors
Mounts for Double-Arch Mirrors
Bipod Mirror Mounts
Thin Face Sheet Mirror Mounts
Mounts for Large Space-Borne Mirrors
References
DESIGN AND MOUNTING OF METALLIC MIRRORS
Introduction
General Considerations of Metal Mirrors
Aluminum Mirrors
Beryllium Mirrors
Mirrors Made from Other Metals
Mirrors with Foam and Metal Matrix Cores
Plating of Metal Mirrors
Single-Point Diamond Turning of Metal Mirrors
Conventional Mountings for Metal Mirrors
Integral Mountings for Metal Mirrors
Flexure Mountings for Larger Metal Mirrors
Interfacing Multiple SPDT Components to Facilitate Assembly and Alignment
References
OPTICAL INSTRUMENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Introduction
Rigid Housing Configurations
Modular Design Principles and Examples
A Structural Design for High Shock Loading
Athermalized Structural Designs
Geometries for Telescope Tube Structures
References
ANALYSIS OF THE OPTO-MECHANICAL DESIGN
Introduction
Failure Predictions for Optics
Stress Generation at Opto-Mechanical Interfaces
Parametric Comparisons of Annular Interface Types
Bending Effects Due to Offset Annular Contacts
Effects of Temperature Changes
Effects of Temperature Gradients
Stresses in Cemented and Bonded Optics Due to Temperature Changes
Some Effects of Temperature Changes on Elastomerically Mounted Lenses
References
APPENDIX A: UNITS AND THEIR CONVERSION
APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF METHODS FOR TESTING OPTICAL COMPONENTS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS UNDER ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
APPENDIX C: HARDNESS OF MATERIALS
APPENDIX D: GLOSSARY
INDEX