Netter's Atlas of Human Embryology (Updated Edition) (Online and Print)

Author Info

By Larry R. Cochard, PhD, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

• An Overview of Developmental Events, Processes, and Abnormalities . 1
• The First and Second Weeks. 2
• The Embryonic Period
• The Early Embryonic Period. 3
• The Late Embryonic Period. 4
• The Fetal Period. 5
• Histological Concepts
• Samples of Epithelia and Connective Tissue . 6
• Skin and Embryonic Connective Tissue. 7
• Induction. 8
• Apoptosis . 9
• Segmentation and Early Pattern Formation
• Genetic Determination of Embryonic Axes and Segments. 10
• Segmentation and Segment Fates. 11
• Cell Adhesion and Cell Migration. 12
• Cell Differentiation and Cell Fates . 13
• Growth Factors. 14
• Classification of Abnormal Processes . 15
• Classification of Multiple Anomalies. 16
• Normal Versus Major Versus Minor Malformations . 17
• Marfan Syndrome. 18
• Apert and De Lange Syndromes. 19
• Examples of Deformations . 20
• Example of a Deformation Sequence . 21
• Drug-Induced Embryopathies. 22
• Terminology. 23

Chapter 2

• Early Embryonic Development and the Placenta . 27
• Adult Uterus, Ovaries, and Uterine Tubes . 28
• Ovary, Ova, and Follicle Development . 29
• The Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy. 30
• The First Week: .
• Ovulation, Fertilization and Migration Down the Uterine Tube. 31
• Ectopic Pregnancy. 32
• Tubal Pregnancy. 33
• Interstitial, Abdominal, and Ovarian Pregnancy. 34
• The Second Week: .
• Implantation and Extraembryonic Membrane Formation. 35
• The Third Week: Gastrulation. 36
• Events Related to Gastrulation:.
• Neurulation and Early Placenta and Coelom Development . 37
• The Fourth Week: Folding of the Gastrula . 38
• The Vertebrate Body Plan. 39
• Formation of the Placenta. 40
• The Endometrium and Fetal Membranes. 41
• Placental Structure . 42
• External Placental Structure; Placental Membrane. 43
• Placental Variations . 44
• Placenta Previa. 45
• Summary of Ectodermal Derivatives. 46
• Summary of Endodermal Derivatives . 47
• Summary of Mesodermal Derivatives. 48
• Terminology. 49

Chapter 3

• The Nervous System. 51
• Formation of the Neural Plate. 52
• Neurulation. 53
• Neural Tube and Neural Crest . 54
• Neural Tube Defects
• Defects of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column. 55
• Defects of the Brain and Skull. 56
• Neuron Development. 57
• Development of the Cellular Sheath of Axons . 58
• Development of the Spinal Cord Layers. 59
• Development of the Spinal Cord. 60
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Development of the Peripheral Nervous System. 61
• Somatic Versus Splanchnic Nerves . 62
• Growth of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column. 63
• Embryonic Dermatomes. 64
• Adult Dermatomes . 65
• Development of the Brain
• Early Brain Development. 66
• Further Development of Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain. 67
• Development of Major Brain Structures. 68
• Growth of the Cerebral Hemispheres. 69
• Derivatives of the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain . 70
• Development of the Forebrain
• Forebrain Wall and Ventricles. 71
• Relationship Between Telencephalon and Diencephalon . 72
• Cross Sections of the Midbrain and Hindbrain. 73
• Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid . 74
• Development of Motor Nuclei in the Brainstem. 75
• Segmentation of the Hindbrain. 76
• Development of the Pituitary Gland. 77
• Development of the Ventricles. 78
• Congenital Ventricular Defects. 79
• Terminology. 80

Chapter 4

• The Cardiovascular System. 83
• Early Vascular Systems. 84
• Vein Development
• Early Development of the Cardinal Systems . 85
• Transformation to the Postnatal Pattern. 86
• Vein Anomalies. 87
• Aortic Arch Arteries . 88
• Artery Anomalies
• Aortic Arch Anomalies. 89
• Anomalous Origins of the Pulmonary Arteries. 90
• Intersegmental Arteries and Coarctation of the Aorta. 91
• Summary of Embryonic Blood Vessel Derivatives. 92
• Formation of Blood Vessels. 93
• Formation of the Heart Tube
• Formation of the Left and Right Heart Tubes. 94
• Formation of a Single Heart Tube. 95
• Chambers of the Heart Tube. 96
• Bending of the Heart Tube. 97
• Partitioning of the Heart Tube. 98
• Atrial Separation. 99
• Spiral (Aorticopulmonary) Septum . 100
• Completion of the Spiral (Aorticopulmonary) Septum. 101
• Ventricular Separation and Bulbus Cordis. 102
• Adult Derivatives of the Heart Tube Chambers. 103
• Fetal Circulation. 104
• Transition to Postnatal Circulation . 105
• Congenital Heart Defect Concepts. 106
• Ventricular Septal Defects. 107
• Atrial Septal Defects. 108
• Spiral Septum Defects. 109
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus. 110
• Terminology. 111

Chapter 5

• The Respiratory System. 113
• Early Primordia. 114
• Formation of the Pleural Cavities . 115
• The Relationship Between Lungs and Pleural Cavities . 116
• Visceral and Parietal Pleura . 117
• Development of the Diaphragm. 118
• Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. 119
• Airway Branching
• The Airway at 4 to 7 Weeks. 120
• The Airway at 7 to 10 Weeks. 121
• Development of Bronchioles and Alveoli . 122
• Bronchial Epithelium Maturation . 123
• Congenital Anomalies of the Lower Airway. 124
• Airway Branching Anomalies. 125
• Bronchopulmonary Sequestration. 126
• Palate Formation in the Upper Airway. 127
• The Newborn Upper Airway. 128
• Terminology. 129

Chapter 6

• The Gastrointestinal System and Abdominal Wall . 131
• Early Primordia. 132
• Formation of the Gut Tube and Mesenteries. 133
• Foregut, Midgut, and Hindgut. 134
• Abdominal Veins . 135
• Foregut and Midgut Rotations. 136
• Meckel’s Diverticulum . 137
• Lesser Peritoneal Sac. 138
• Introduction to the Retroperitoneal Concept. 139
• Midgut Loop. 140
• Abdominal Ligaments. 141
• Abdominal Foregut Organ Development . 142
• Development of Pancreatic Acini and Islets. 143
• Congenital Pancreatic Anomalies. 144
• Development of the Hindgut . 145
• Congenital Anomalies
• Duplication, Atresia, and Situs Inversus. 146
• Megacolon (Hirschsprung’s Disease). 147
• Summary of Gut Organization . 148
• Development of the Abdominal Wall. 149
• Umbilical Hernia . 150
• The Inguinal Region. 151
• Anterior Testis Descent. 152
• The Adult Inguinal Region . 153
• Anomalies of the Processus Vaginalis. 154
• Terminology. 155

Chapter 7

• The Urogenital System. 157
• Early Primordia. 158
• Division of the Cloaca . 159
• Congenital Cloacal Anomalies . 160
• Pronephros, Mesonephros, and Metanephros. 161
• Development of the Metanephros. 162
• Ascent and Rotation of the Metanephric Kidneys. 163
• Kidney Rotation and Migration Anomalies
• Kidney Rotation Anomalies and Renal Fusion. 164
• Kidney Migration Anomalies and Blood Vessel Formation . 165
• Hypoplasia. 166
• Ureteric Bud Duplication. 167
• Ectopic Ureters. 168
• Bladder Anomalies. 169
• Allantois/Urachus Anomalies . 170
• Primordia of the Genital System. 171
• 8-Week Undifferentiated (Indifferent) Stage . 172
• Anterior View of the Derivatives. 173
• Paramesonephric Duct Anomalies . 174
• Homologues of the External Genital Organs. 175
• Hypospadias and Epispadias. 176
• Gonadal Differentiation . 177
• Testis, Epididymis, and Ductus Deferens . 178
• Descent of Testis. 179
• Ova and Follicles. 180
• Summary of Urogenital Primordia and Derivatives. 181
• Summary of Genital Primordia and Derivatives . 182
• Terminology. 183

Chapter 8

• The Musculoskeletal System. 185
• Myotomes, Dermatomes, and Sclerotomes. 186
• Muscle and Vertebral Column Segmentation . 187
• Mesenchymal Primordia at 5 and 6 Weeks . 188
• Ossification of the Vertebral Column. 189
• Development of the Atlas, Axis, Ribs, and Sternum. 190
• Bone Cells and Bone Deposition . 191
• Histology of Bone. 192
• Membrane Bone and Skull Development. 193
• Bone Development in Mesenchyme. 194
• Osteon Formation. 195
• Compact Bone Development and Remodeling. 196
• Endochondral Ossification in a Long Bone. 197
• Epiphyseal Growth Plate
• Epiphyseal Growth Plate. 198
• Peripheral Cartilage Function in the Epiphysis. 199
• Structure and Function of the Growth Plate. 200
• Pathophysiology of the Growth Plate. 201
• Ossification in the Newborn Skeleton. 202
• Joint Development . 203
• Muscular System: Primordia. 204
• Segmentation and Division of Myotomes. 205
• Epimere, Hypomere, and Muscle Groups. 206
• Development and Organization of Limb Buds. 207
• Rotation of the Limbs. 208
• Limb Rotation and Dermatomes. 209
• Embryonic Plan of the Brachial Plexus. 210
• Divisions of the Lumbosacral Plexus. 211
• Developing Skeletal Muscles . 212
• Terminology. 213

Chapter 9

• Head and Neck. 215
• Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm. 216
• Pharyngeal (Branchial) Arches . 217
• Ventral and Midsagittal Views . 218
• Fate of the Pharyngeal Pouches . 219
• Midsagittal View of the Pharynx. 220
• Fate of the Pharyngeal Grooves . 221
• Pharyngeal Groove and Pouch Anomalies. 222
• Pharyngeal Arch Nerves. 223
• Sensory Innervation Territories. 224
• Development of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles
• Early Development of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles. 225
• Later Development of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles. 226
• Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages. 227
• Ossification of the Skull . 228
• Premature Suture Closure. 230
• Cervical Ossification. 231
• Torticollis . 232
• Cervical Plexus. 233
• Orbit. 234
• Ear Development . 235
• Adult Ear Organization. 236
• Summary of Ear Development . 237
• Cranial Nerve Primordia. 238
• Cranial Nerve Neuron Components. 239
• Parasympathetic Innervation and Unique Nerves. 240
• Development of the Face
• Development of the Face: 3 to 4 Weeks. 241
• Development of the Face: 4 to 6 Weeks. 242
• Development of the Face: 6 to 10 Weeks. 243
• Palate Formation
• Palate Formation. 244
• Interior View of Palate Formation; Roof of Oral Cavity. 245
• Congenital Anomalies of the Oral Cavity. 246
• Floor of the Oral Cavity . 247
• Developmental Coronal Sections . 248
• Tooth Structure and Development . 249
• Dental Eruption. 250
• Terminology. 251