Chronic Inflammation. Molecular Pathophysiology, Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions

Description

Although acute inflammation is a healthy physiological response indicative of wound healing, chronic inflammation has been directly implicated in a wide range of degenerative human health disorders encompassing almost all present day non-communicable diseases including autoimmune diseases, obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Pathophysiology, Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions provides an exposition of the process of chronic inflammation in three parts:

1. Systems Biology of Inflammation and Regulatory Mechanisms describes the process of chronic inflammation including initiation, progression, and resolution.
2. Pathologies Associated with Inflammation gives a rigorous and critical treatment of specific human health disorders where chronic inflammation plays a major role.
3. Nutrition & Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases details the protective abilities of structurally diverse antioxidants, phytochemicals, anti-inflammatory diets, omega-3 fatty acids, NSAIDs, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and novel regimens.

Designed for scientists as well as clinicians, Chronic Inflammation provides critical understanding of the key checkpoints that regulate chronic inflammation. Going beyond the epidemiology of chronic inflammation, the text covers regulatory mechanisms controlling inflammation initiation, progression, and resolution. The authors address pathologies associated with inflammation and provide various nutritional and therapeutic interventions for inflammatory diseases.

Features

• Provides a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of chronic inflammation, as well as novel regulatory mechanisms controlling inflammation initiation, progression, and resolution
• Covers several pathologies associated with inflammation, including aging, allergies, autoimmune disorders, atherosclerosis, cancer, chronic wounds, metabolic syndrome, and obesity
• Includes numerous types of therapeutics—such as omega-3 fatty acids, phytochemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, biologics, and anti-inflammatory diets—to treat or prevent inflammation
• Contains a "clinical relevance" section following each chapter, which summarizes clinical applications in a language that is easily understood by clinicians

Table of Contents

SECTION I Systems Biology of Inflammation and Regulatory Mechanisms

• At the Interface between Acute and Chronic Inflammation: Insights from Computational Modeling
  Yoram Vodovotz
• Inflammation in Health and Disease: A Robust, Adaptive, Multiscale System
• Inflammation Is a Complex System with Context-Dependent Regulation: Insights from Computational Modeling
• From Wound Healing to Cancer: Modeling Interrelationships among Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer
• From Modeling to Rational Reprogramming of Inflammation
• Summary: Clinical and Basic Science Perspectives
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• Acknowledgments
• References

• The Cellular Component of Chronic Inflammation
  Julie Roda and Tim Eubank
• What is Chronic Inflammation?
• The Cellular Component of Chronic Inflammation
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Mast Cells in Chronic Inflammation
  Traci A. Wilgus and Brian C. Wulff
• Mast Cell Biology
• Physiological Functions
• Pathological Role in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in Inflammation
  Kiichi Hirota
• Inflammation
• Interaction between Hypoxic Environment and Inflammation
• Canonical Signaling Pathway to Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Activation
• Oxygen Tension-Independent Activation of HIF
• Cross Talk between NF-κB and HIF Immunocompetent Cells and HIF Impact of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on HIF Activity
• Inflammatory Disorders and HIF
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Bioactive Phospholipid Mediators of Inflammation
  Sainath R. Kotha, Jordan D. Secor, Smitha Malireddy, and Narasimham L. Parinandi
• Salient Features of Inflammation
• Mediators of Inflammation
• Phosphatidic Acid (PA) as a Bioactive Phospholipid Mediator of Inflammation
• Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) as a Bioactive Phospholipid Mediator of Inflammation
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• Acknowledgements
• References

• Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Atherosclerotic Development and Resolution
  Reeva Aggarwal, Vincent J. Pompili, and Hiranmoy Das
• Introduction
• HSC Regulation of Self-Renewal
• Differentiation of HSCs
• Development of Atherosclerosis
• Therapies for Atherosclerosis
• Development of Ischemia and Therapy
• Conclusions and Perspectives
• Take-Home Messages
• Acknowledgments
• References

• Inflammation as a Confounding Factor in Regenerative Medicine
  Myron Allukian and Kenneth W. Liechty
• Inflammation
• Cells
• Extracellular Matrix
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Points
• References

• NOx in the CNS: Inflammation and Beyond
  Annadora J. Bruce-Keller
• NOx History and Structure
• Cell Type Specific Expression and Function in Brain
• Physiologic Mechanisms of NOx Signaling
• Conclusions and Unanswered Questions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Resolution of Inflammation
  Amitava Das and Sashwati Roy
• Introduction
• Cascades of Wound Healing
• Resolution of Inflammation
• Role of Micrornas in Inflammation
• Linking Micrornas and Lipid Mediators in Resolution of Inflammation
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• H2S in Inflammation
  Hyun-Ock Pae and Hun-Taeg Chung
• Introduction
• Dynamic Interplay of H2S with NO and CO in Inflammatory Conditions
• Janus Face of H2S: Its Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
• Perspectives
• Take-Home Messages
• Acknowledgements
• References

SECTION II Pathologies Associated with Inflammation

• Is There a Connection between Inflammation and Oxidative Stress?
  Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu, Xueting Jiang, Zhaohui Yang, Krithika Selvarajan, and Sampath Parthasarathy
• Introduction
• Atherosclerosis
• Oxidative Stress and Atherosclerosis
• Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
• Would Anti-Inflammatories and Antioxidants Prevent Atherosclerosis?
• Conclusions
• Take-Home Messages
• Acknowledgements
• References

• Chronic Inflammation and Cancer: A Matter of Lifestyle
  Subash C. Gupta, Ji Hye Kim, Sahdeo Prasad, and Bharat B. Aggarwal
• What Is Inflammation?
• Regulation of Inflammation at the Molecular Level
• Lifestyle Factors That Activate Inflammation
• How Inflammation Causes Cancer
• Controlling Inflammation and Cancer
• Conclusion and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• Acknowledgments
• References

• Chronic Wounds and Inflammation
  Jaideep Banerjee and Chandan K. Sen
• Introduction
• Most Common Types of Chronic Wounds
• Phases of Healing
• Wound Inflammatory Response
• Excess Inflammation is Associated with Impaired Wound Healing
• MicroRNAs in Chronic Inflammation
• Biofi lm and Chronic Wound Inflammation
• Conclusion and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Multiphasic Roles for TGF-Beta in Scarring: Implications for Therapeutic Intervention
  Praveen R. Arany, George X. Huang, and Woo Seob Kim
• Introduction
• Etiopathogenesis of Scar Generation
• TGF-β1 as a Plausible Link Targeting TGF-β1 in Scar Management
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Natural Vitamin E Tocotrienol against Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress
  Cameron Rink and Savita Khanna
• Central Nervous System Immunology
• Tocotrienol Vitamin E
• Arachidonic Acid Cascade in NeuroInflammatory Disease
• Conclusion and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Inflammatory Cascades in Autoimmune Disease
  Amita Aggarwal and Arpita Myles
• Introduction
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Shear Stress and Vascular Inflammation: A Study in the Lung
  John Noel and Shampa Chatterjee
• Introduction
• Haemodynamic Forces and the Quiescent and Activated Endothelium
• Disturbed Flow and Inflammatory Responses of Endothelial Cells
• Inflammation in the Pulmonary Endothelium
• The Pulmonary Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target
• Conclusions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• NGF and Its Receptor System in Inflammatory Diseases
  Anupam Mitra, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, and Siba P. Raychaudhuri
• Neurogenic Inflammation
• NGF and Its Receptor
• NGF and Its Role in Inflammatory Cascade
• Role of NGF in Different Inflammatory Diseases
• Conclusions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

SECTION III Nutrition & Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases

• Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants
  Naveen Kaushal, Vivek Narayan, Ujjawal H. Gandhi, Shakira M. Nelson,Anil Kumar Kotha, and K. Sandeep Prabhu
• Introduction
• ROS Mediated Oxidative Stress as Source of Inflammation
• Antioxidants as Anti-Inflammatory Agents
• Trace Elements as Antioxidants
• Summary and Future Directives
• Acknowledgments
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Lipid Biomarkers of Inflammation
  Ginger L. Milne
• Introduction
• Prostaglandins and Inflammation
• Leukotrienes and Inflammation
• Nonenzymatic Lipid Peroxidation: The Isoprostanes
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Physical Activity and Inflammation: An Overview
  Edite Teixeira de Lemos and Flávio Reis
• The State of Low-Grade Inflammation—Healthy Significance
• The Anti-Inflammatory Nature of Physical Activity
• Exercise-Induced Inflammation
• Physical Activity for the Treatment of Low-Grade Inflammation in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Focus on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Processes
  Philip C. Calder
• Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids—Naming, Biosynthesis, Sources, and Intakes
• Omega-6 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cells Involved in Inflammation
• Arachidonic Acid Is a Precursor of Eicosanoid Mediators Involved in Inflammation
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Lipid Mediators
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids Decrease NFkB-Mediated Inflammatory Signaling
• Effects of EPA and DHA on T Cells
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Therapeutic Option for Chronic Inflammation
• Conclusions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals, Obesity, and Diabetes: An Overview
  Srujana Rayalam, MaryAnne Della-Fera, and Clifton A. Baile
• Introduction
• Obesity and Diabetes as Major Public Health Issues
• Adipose Tissue as a Secretory Organ
• Relationship between Obesity, Diabetes, and Inflammation
• Complications of Obesity and Diabetes
• Phytochemicals in Obesity and Diabetes
• Perspectives
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Anti-Inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicines for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome
  George Q. Li, Ka H. Wong, Antony Kam, Xian Zhou, Eshaifol A. Omar, Ali Alqahtani, Kong M. Li, Valentina Razmovski-Naumovski, and Kelvin Chan
• Introduction
• Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Heat Clearing Chinese Herbs for Metabolic Syndrome
• Anti-Inflammatory Food and Tea
• Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome
• Discussion and Summary
• Take-Home Messages
• Acknowledgments
• References

• Diseases: Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions
  Saravanan Rajendrasozhanm, Isaac K. Sundar, and Irfan Rahman
• Lung Inflammation and Pathogenesis of Chronic Lung Diseases (Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
• Epigenetic/Epigenomic Changes
• Molecular Epigenomic Targets for Therapeutic Interventions
• Nutriepigenomics
• Perspectives
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Take-Home Messages
• Acknowledgments
• References

• Biologics: Molecular Medicine from Bench to Bedside
  Ananya Datta Mitra, Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, and Debasis Bagchi
• Introduction
• Interplay of the Immune System in the Development of Autoimmune Disease
• Targets for Biologics
• Conclusions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs
  Nigil Haroon and Vinod Chandran
• Introduction
• Methotrexate
• Leflunomide
• Sulfasalazine
• Antimalarials
• Azathioprine
• Cyclosporin A
• Other DMARDs
• Conclusions
• Take-Home Messages
• References

• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
  Alakendu Ghosh and Pradyot Sinhamahapatra
• Introduction
• History
• Mechanism of Action
• Classification
• Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacodynamics
• Clinical Uses of NSAIDs
• How to Guide Therapy
• Adverse Reactions and Toxicities of NSAIDs
• Choice of NSAIDs
• Precautions for Use of NSAIDs
• Drug Interactions
• Special Situations and Toxicities
• Treatment Options for Patients with Gastrointestinal and Cardiovascular Risk Take-Home Messages
• References
• Web sites
• General Resources

Index