Forensic Intelligence

Description

When forensic recoveries are properly processed and recorded, they are a major intelligence source for crime investigators and analysts. The majority of publications about forensic science cover best practices and basic advice about evidence recovery and storage. Forensic Intelligence takes the subject of forensics one step further and describes how to use the evidence recovered at crime scenes for extended analysis and the dissemination of new forensic intelligence.

The book draws on the author’s 40 years of experience as a crime scene examiner, latent print examiner, and the Head of Forensic Intelligence, New Scotland Yard, in the London Metropolitan Police Intelligence Bureau (MIB). It supplies practical advice on how to use all forensic recoveries in a modern, analysis-driven, intelligence-led policing environment. The text covers evidentiary procedures related to each of the main crime types, as well as the production of intelligence products from police data.

Accompanying the book is a supplemental CD-ROM with a plethora of additional resources, including Trademark Express footwear evidence software; exemplar templates for the input of forensics, behaviours, and method data into intelligence systems; and other material.

This reliable resource is designed for police services of all sizes and capabilities—from the largest organizations with thousands of employees and big budgets down to the smallest department with a few officers. By mastering the basic crime recording and intelligence processes in this volume, investigators can make the best use of all their forensic recoveries.

CD ROM Contents:

• Treadmark Express Footwear Evidence Software and User’s Manual
• Operation Bigfoot Footwear Pattern Distribution Graphs (London 2005)
• UK National Footwear Reference Collection (NFRC)
• Example CSI Forensic Intelligence Template
• Shoe and tool Marks Coding Document
• Report on the Vision of Forensic Intelligence and Strategic Thinking
• A Unified Format Spreadsheet for Merging Drug Legacy Data from Different Forensic Science Laboratories
• Forensic Intelligence Report (FIR) Template
• Role Description Example–Forensic Intelligence Manager
• Footwear Intelligence Process Map
• Ballistics Intelligence Process Map–Inputs & Outputs

Features

• Presents a practical approach to forensics in crime analysis and intelligence
• Shows practical techniques applied to real case studies
• Demonstrates how all major evidence types recovered from crime scenes are potential intelligence sources
• Provides a model for mathematical scene linking in cases
• Contains forensic coding libraries to enable readers to build their own systems
• Includes a CD-ROM with a copy of Treadmark Express footwear evidence software and other supplemental material

Table of Contents

• Introducing Forensic Intelligence
• Semantics: ‘Forensics’ and ‘Intelligence’
• Forensic Intelligence: Professor Olivier Ribaux’s Definition
• Forensic Intelligence: A Working Definition
• The Concept of ‘Entities’ in Police Recording Systems
• Does Your Forensic Services Staff Have Access or Input to Your Intelligence Systems?
• Access to Forensic Support Resources
• Forensic Intelligence in Intelligence-Led Policing
• The Origins of Forensic Intelligence
• Estimating the Number of Current Offenders
• Has Modern Forensics Had an Impact on Crime Reduction?
• The Beginnings of a Concept of Forensic Intelligence
• The Introduction of Information Technology: From the 1980s Onward
• COMPSTAT
• Police Intelligence Models and the Language of Intelligence-Led Policing
• ‘Intelligence Is What It Does’: A Definition
• Police Intelligence Models
• The Four Levels of Crime Divisions in Crime Intelligence Models
• New York Police Department: COMPSTAT
• Intelligence Assets
• Knowledge Assets
• System Assets
• Intelligence Assets
• The Four Generic Intelligence Products and the Aims of COMPSTAT Intelligence Sources
• Intelligence Handling Codes
• The 5 × 5 × 5 System as Used in Grading Intelligence
• Forensics as Intelligence Sources
• The Collection of Forensic Intelligence
• Police Forensic Business Models
• A Short History of Forensic Intelligence in the Metropolitan Police
• An Early Forensic Intelligence Tool Mark Case Example from the Late 1990s
• The Metropolitan Police Modernise for the Twenty-First Century
• Forensic Intelligence Development in the Metropolitan Police, 2002–2008
• Where Forensic Intelligence Should Fit within Police Organisations
• The Value of Forensics in Crime Analysis and Intelligence
• Intelligence Features of Forensic Evidence Types
• Linking Cases and Comparative Case Analysis
• The Different Forms of Case Linking in Criminal Analysis
• Varieties of Forms of Case Linking
• Receiver Operator Characteristics
• Truth and Probability
• The Crime Detection and Prosecution Rectangle
• The Values of Forensics in Case Linking
• A Footwear Evidence Persistence Case Example
• A Linked Homicide Case Example
• Dealing with Forensic Crime Links and Clusters
• A Footwear Mark Cluster Example
• Footwear Evidence Frequency Evaluation
• Forensic Legacy Data
• Legacy Data and the FSS Sexual Assault Forensic Intelligence Service
• Improving the Potential of Legacy Data Use
• The Importance of Regular Meetings
• The Different Experiences of CSIs and Analysts
• Research and Analytical Processes
• The Nine Analytical Techniques
• Crime Pattern Analysis
• The Radex and Smallest-Space Analysis in Crime Analysis
• Descriptions of Terms in Figure 3.1
• The Value of Improving Forensic Support in Problem-Oriented Policing and Crime Pattern Analysis
• Market Profiles
• Demographic and Social Trend Analysis
• Criminal Business Profiles
• Network Analysis
• Profile or Target (Subject) Profile Analysis
• Results Analysis
• Risk Analysis
• Operational Intelligence Assessments
• The Daily Work of the Crime Analyst
• The Daily Work of an Analyst
• The Daily Work of a Forensically Aware Forensic Intelligence Analyst
• The Aims and Objectives of Incorporating Forensics into Crime Analysis
• A Structure for Dealing with Forensic Intelligence
• A Forensic Intelligence Process Route Map
• The Input of Forensic Intelligence into Intelligence-Led Policing
• Common Policing Problems Inhibiting Forensic Intelligence
• The CSI’s Role in Forensic Intelligence
• The Forensic Services Team
• Intelligence Features of Forensic Evidence Types
• Forensic Evidence Recovery, Processing, and Best Practice
• Purposes and Objectives of Crime Scene Examinations
• Inhibitors to Effective Uses of Crime Scene Examinations, Forensic Recoveries in Linking Crimes, and in Contributing to the Production of Intelligence Products
• Rights or Not to Obtain or Seize Forensic Material from Offenders
• An Example of Volume Crime Practices Inhibiting a Serious Investigation
• The Advantages of Databasing and Managing Collections of Forensic Evidence
• A Scenes of Crime Field Force Checklist for Effective Management of Forensics
• Using Intervention Rates and Forensic Recovery Frequencies in Crime Analysis
• Issues around Positive and Negative Management Techniques of Forensic Support
• Questions That Police and Forensic Managers Need to Ask Themselves
• The Issue of Areas Disclosed in Forensic Marks as an Enabler of Forensic Intelligence
• Best Practice in Using the Main Forensic Evidence Types
• Automatic Fingerprint Identification Systems and Their Characteristics
• The Four Factors at Work in Existing Miss Rates with AFIS
• Forensic Strategies to Make the Best Use of AFIS
• Fingerprint Laboratory Support
• Using DNA Matches and Crime Scene Links Effectively
• An Inhibited DNA Casework Example
• DNA Databases and eDNA
• Significance of DNA Forensic Crime Scene Intervention and Recovery Rates
• Forensic Problem Profiles and the Concept of the Forensic Intelligence Report
• Best Practice in Recovery of Forensic Evidence from Crime Scenes
• Dealing with Crime Scenes
• Crime Scene Examinations of Serious and Volume Crimes
• Footwear Evidence Best Practice
• Dealing with Footwear Marks Found Whilst Powdering for Latent Prints
• Using Gelatine Lifters
• Scanning Covered Gelatine Lifts
• Preservation and Packaging of Gelatine Footwear Mark Lifters
• Covering Gelatine Volume Crime Lifts
• Re-covering Technique for Gelatine Lifts
• Using Transparent Adhesive Lifters
• Photographing Footwear Marks
• Electrostatic Dust Mark Lifting (ESL)
• Dealing with Electrostatic Lifts
• Dealing with Dental Stone Casts
• Marks in Snow
• Dealing with Suspected Offenders’ Footwear
• Inkless Printing of Offenders’ Shoes
• Packaging Footwear
• Footwear Forensic Computer Systems
• Submitting Footwear Marks to the Laboratory
• Footwear Comparisons
• Serious Crime Footwear Cases
• Instrument (Tool) Marks
• Basic Principles
• The Evidential Value of Instrument (Tool) Marks
• Identification at Crime Scenes
• Types of Instrument Marks Found at Crime Scenes
• Retrieval of Instrument Marks
• Recording of Information from Instrument Marks
• Packaging of Exhibits
• Intelligence Value of Instrument Marks
• Coding Tool Marks for Input to Police Systems
• Casting Instrument Marks
• Isomark, Microsil, and Casting Putty Materials
• Other Evidence Types
• Ballistics
• Manufacturing Marks
• Evidential Value of Manufacturing Marks
• Physical Fits
• Contact Trace Evidence
• Glass
• General Comments
• Types of Glass
• How Glass Breaks
• Taking Control of Glass Samples
• Multiple Control Samples
• From Which Side Was the Window Broken?
• Packaging Glass Samples
• Dealing with Suspects
• Hair Combings
• Paint Evidence
• Household Paint
• Vehicle Paint
• Sampling Household and Vehicle Paint
• Miscellaneous Traces
• Cosmetics
• Oils and Greases
• Plastics, Rubbers, and Adhesives
• Soil, Safe Ballast, and Building Materials
• Metals
• Other
• Noxious Chemicals
• Other Substances
• The Implementation of Intelligence-Led Policing
• Common Intelligence Standards and Their Introduction: The London Experience
• Protocols for the Use of QQCSE CRIMINT Logs
• The Practicalities of Introducing Intelligence-Led Policing
• Intelligence Unit Structure
• Intelligence Unit Roles
• Intelligence Unit Manager
• The Gatekeeper
• Researcher
• Crime Analyst
• Intelligence Log Supervisor
• Field Officers
• Tasking and Briefing Slide Officer
• Forensic Intelligence Researcher or Analyst
• Must a Police Service Work under an Intelligence-Led Model to Benefit from Forensic Intelligence?
• Forensic Intelligence: A US Academic’s View
• The Innocence Project
• Is Intelligence-Led Policing Difficult to Implement?
• More International Perspectives on Forensic Intelligence
• The UK NPIA Forensics Programme
• The Forensics Custody Suite Process Work Stream toward a Better Forensic Intelligence Model
• US National Forensic Science Technology Centre
• Introducing Intelligence-Led Policing: A Review
• Forensic Intelligence Applied to Different Crime Types
• Forensic Intelligence and Volume Crime: A Checklist
• The Importance of Service Champions in Delivering Intelligence-Led Procedures including Forensics
• The Importance of the Effective Use of Digital Technology
• A Case Study: The Barkingside Jewellery Burglar, 2002–2006
• Setting Up a Forensic Intelligence Capability
• Forensic Intelligence in Arson Investigation
• The Arson Crime Partnership Data Structure Outline
• Some Arson Casework Examples
• Exterior and Vehicle Fire Setting by Youths in North London
• The Islington Traveller—‘Fuel Available’—Arsonist
• The Broadlove Lane Neighbourhood Arsonist
• The Oxford Street Department Store Arsonist
• The 10-Point Plan for Arson Investigation
• Forensic Intelligence Possibilities in Dealing with Illicit Drug Marketing
• The Need for Investment in Information Technology
• General Information on Foster & Freeman Shoeprint, Image, Capture, and Retrieval System (SICAR)
• SICAR Reference Databases
• SoleMate
• TreadMate
• Operating Outline of System
• A SICAR Casework Example: Incident No. 20410—The Coventry Murder
• Partial Identification of the Footwear Mark
• The Footwear Mark Is Referred to Foster & Freeman
• Court Case Results in a Successful Conviction
• General Information on Treadmark Footwear Evidence Storage, Screening, and Comparison Software
• Treadmark in the Leicestershire Constabulary: An Outline
• The Legal Aspects of Using Treadmark in the UK
• The Police Officer’s Role
• Procedure in Preserving Footwear Evidence
• The Internal Processes by Footwear Examiners
• A Typical Leicestershire Volume Crime Linked Case Example
• Advice from Leicestershire Constabulary Regarding Treadmark
• Intelligence Software Solutions
• Memex Law Enforcement: Case Software—A Police Casework Solution
• Overview: Case Formation
• Lifetime Case Information
• Case Linking
• Protected Records in Memex Case
• Forensic Intelligence: A Summary
• References
• Index

Author Bio(s)

Bob Milne has completed nearly 40 years of service with the Metropolitan Police Forensic Services Directorate, New Scotland Yard, as a forensic practitioner in the roles of ACPO registered fingerprint expert, crime scene examiner, and manager. He has written articles and made presentations on electrostatic mark lifting, the mathematics of scene linking, the crime mapping of forensic evidence, forensic intelligence in arson investigation, the design of self-contained sequential treatment fingerprint laboratories, and on the subject of forensics in intelligence-led policing. Bob is the inventor of the Pathfinder three-electrode wireless electrostatic dust mark lifter system used by CSIs worldwide. Since retiring from the Met Police in 2008, he has worked in the role of technical consultant with Crime Scene Investigation Equipment Ltd, developing and improving crime scene examination equipment and forensics software applications. In 2011, he became an associate fire investigator with Fire Investigations (UK) LLP and Fire Investigations Global LLP, a role that is ongoing.