Introduction to Holography

Description

Over the course of its 60-year history, holography has enabled new insights into the nature of light and has contributed to innovative applications, including many unrelated to optics. Introduction to Holography explains how to use holographic techniques to solve specific problems in a variety of fields. The text focuses on the state of development of existing and emerging holographic applications. Numerical problems are provided at the end of each chapter.

After a review of essential optics, the book presents basic holographic principles. It introduces the theory of thick holograms, along with a less demanding and more insightful path to important results based on the work of Jacques Ludman. Examining the use of holography in practice, the author then describes the conditions for successful holography in the laboratory, including various lasers commonly used for holography. He also discusses recording materials and their key holographic characteristics. The final portion of the book deals with applications of holography, including imaging, holographic interferometry, holographic optical elements, and data storage. The text also explores digital and computer-generated holography, light-in-flight and first-arriving light techniques and their applications, polarization holography, and holography for sensing applications.

Since its invention in 1948, holography has evolved into a mature technology with a wide range of applications. This practical guide to the field offers a comprehensive survey of contemporary holographic techniques and applications.

Features

• Chronicles the historical development of holography from reflection and rainbow holography to holographic interferometry for nondestructive testing to emerging low-cost holographic sensing techniques for health care and environmental monitoring
• Describes important applications of holography in advertising, data storage, life sciences, and nanoengineering
• Offers an introduction to optics essential for understanding and using holography
• Introduces additional optics and photonics material as needed
• Presents more than 300 illustrations as well as extensive cross-referencing that emphasizes how holography is based on a relatively small number of basic principles

Reviews

The breadth of coverage of this book is remarkable, ranging from the underlying physics, to mathematical descriptions and derivations, to the experimental aspects of the art of holography.
—Joseph W. Goodman, Stanford University

The structure and approach of the book are excellent. It goes from basic and general concepts in optics to specific devices, systems and examples. The presentation is very clear and easy to understand. Each topic is accompanied with proper figures and is explained very well. The mathematics is at a level appropriate for students in physics or engineering. … a great inspiration for any researcher in the area of signal processing.
—Joseph Rosen, Ben Gurion University of the Negev

In addition to covering the standard formalism of conventional and digital holography, Introduction to Holography presents such up-and-coming techniques as holographic optical trapping and holographic video microscopy … . In short, this is a timely book and a very good introduction to the present state of the discipline.
—David G. Grier, New York University

This is a complete treatise on holography, covering the background optics, the basic principles, the practice and many applications of holograms. With its extensive references to the original literature and homework problems, it is the perfect textbook for a course on holography. I thoroughly recommend it to both students and experienced practitioners of the subject.
—Chris Dainty, National University of Ireland, Galway

Vincent Toal provides a detailed technical overview of holography that should be regarded as essential reading for those involved with photonics, a primary reference worth purchasing.
—Martin Richardson, DeMontfort University, Leicester

Introduction to Holography is a lucid introductory textbook for students and a valuable reference text for specialists. The author provides easy-to-follow derivations of the mathematical foundations of holography, while giving practical advice on how to implement holography for a wide variety of applications.
—David Nolte, Purdue University

Table of Contents

• OPTICS
• Light, Waves, and Rays
• Introduction
• Description of light waves
• Spatial frequency
• The equation of a plane wave
• Nonplanar wavefronts
• Geometrical optics
• Reflection, refraction, and the Fresnel equations
• Introduction to spatial filtering
• Physical Optics
• Introduction
• Diffraction
• Diffraction and spatial Fourier transformation
• Phase effect of a thin lens
• Fourier transformation by a lens
• Fourier transform property of a lens—a physical argument
• Interference by division of amplitude
• Coherence
• Polarized light
• PRINCIPLES OF HOLOGRAPHY
• Introducing Holography
• Introduction: difference between two spatial frequencies
• Recording and reconstruction of a simple diffraction grating
• Generalized recording and reconstruction
• A short history of holography
• Simple theory of holography
• Phase conjugacy
• Phase holograms
• Volume Holography
• Introduction
• Volume holography and coupled-wave theory
• Characteristics of thick holographic gratings
• Rigorous coupled-wave theory
• A simpler approach

• HOLOGRAPHY IN PRACTICE
• Requirements for Holography
• Introduction
• Coherence
• The Michelson interferometer
• Lasers
• The Fabry–Perot interferometer, etalon, and cavity
• Stimulated emission and the optical amplifier
• Laser systems
• Q-switched lasers
• Frequency doubled lasers
• Mode locking of lasers
• Spatial coherence of lasers
• Laser safety
• Mechanical stability
• Thermal stability
• Checking for stability
• Resolution of the recording material
• Recording Materials
• Introduction
• Silver halide
• Dichromated gelatin (DCG)
• Thermoplastics
• Photoresists
• Self-processing materials
• Holographic sensitivity
• Recording Materials in Practice
• Introduction
• Nonlinear effects
• Grain noise
• The speckle effect
• Signal-to-noise ratio in holography
• Experimental evaluation of holographic characteristics
• Effects arising from dissimilarities between reference beams in recording and reconstruction

• APPLICATIONS
• Holographic Displays
• Introduction
• Single-beam holographic display
• Split-beam holographic displays
• Benton holograms
• White light (Denisyuk) holograms
• Wide field holography
• Color holograms
• Dynamic holographic displays
• Very large format holographic displays
• Quantum entanglement holography—imaging the inaccessible
• Good practice in hologram recording
• Other Imaging Applications
• Introduction
• Holographic imaging of three-dimensional spaces
• Further applications of phase conjugation
• Multiple imaging
• Total internal reflection and evanescent wave holography
• Evanescent waves in diffracted light
• Mass copying of holograms
• Holographic Interferometry
• Introduction
• Basic principle
• Phase change due to object displacement
• Fringe localization
• Live fringe holographic interferometry
• Frozen fringe holographic interferometry
• Compensation for rigid body motion accompanying loading
• Double pulse holographic interferometry
• Holographic interferometry of vibrating objects
• Stroboscopic methods
• Holographic surface profilometry
• Phase conjugate holographic interferometry
• Fringe analysis
• Speckle pattern interferometry
• Holographic Optical Elements
• Introduction
• Diffraction gratings
• Spectral filters
• Lenses
• Beam splitters and beam combiners
• Scanners
• Lighting control and solar concentrators
• Multiplexing and demultiplexing
• Optical interconnects
• Holographic projection screens
• Photonic bandgap devices
• Holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal devices
• Holographic Data Storage and Information Processing
• Introduction
• Holographic data storage capacity
• Bit format and page format
• Storage media
• Multiplexing
• Phase-coded data
• Error avoidance
• Exposure scheduling
• Data and image processing
• Optical logic
• Holographic optical neural networks
• Quantum holographic data storage
• Digital Holography
• Introduction
• Spatial frequency bandwidth and sampling requirements
• Recording and numerical reconstruction
• Suppression of the zero-order and the twin image
• Improving the resolution in digital holography
• Digital holographic microscopy
• Other applications of digital holography
• Computer-Generated Holograms
• Introduction
• Methods of representation
• Three-dimensional objects
• Optical testing
• Optical traps and computer-generated holographic optical tweezers
• Holography and the Behavior of Light
• Introduction
• Theory of light-in-flight holography
• Reflection and other phenomena
• Extending the record
• Applications of light-in-flight holography
• Polarization Holography
• Introduction
• Description of polarized light
• Jones vectors and matrix notation
• Stokes parameters
• Photoinduced anisotropy
• Transmission polarization holography
• Reflection polarization holographic gratings
• Photoanisotropic recording materials for polarization holography
• Applications of polarization holography
• Holographics Sensors and Indicators
• Introduction
• Basic principles
• Theory
• Practical sensors and indicators
• Sensors based on silver halide and related materials
• Photopolymer-based holographic sensors and indicators
• Sensing by hologram formation

• Appendix A: The Fresnel–Kirchoff Integral
• Appendix B: The Convolution Theorem

Author

Vincent Toal is director of the Center for Industrial and Engineering Optics at the Dublin Institute of Technology. A fellow of the Institute of Physics, Dr. Toal has taught optics for over 20 years. He earned a Ph.D. in electronic engineering from the University of Surrey.