Introduction to Modern Virology

Description

Praised forits clarity of presentation and accessibility, Introduction to Modern Virology has been a successful student text for over 30 years. It provides a broad introduction to virology, which includes the nature of viruses, the interaction of viruses with their hosts and the consequences of those interactions that lead to the diseases we see. This new edition contains a number of important changes and innovations including:

• The consideration of immunology now covers two chapters, one on innate immunity and the other on adaptive immunity, reflecting the explosion in knowledge of viral interactions with these systems.
• The coverage of vaccines and antivirals has been expanded and separated into two new chapters to reflect the importance of these approaches to prevention and treatment.
• Virus infections in humans are considered in more detail with new chapters on viral hepatitis, influenza, vector-borne diseases, and exotic and emerging viral infections, complementing an updated chapter on HIV.
• The final section includes three new chapters on the broader aspects of the influence of viruses on our lives, focussing on the economic impact of virus infections, the ways we can use viruses in clinical and other spheres, and the impact that viruses have on the planet and almost every aspect of our lives.

A good basic understanding of viruses is important for generalists and specialists alike. The aim of this book is to make such understanding as accessible as possible, allowing students across the biosciences spectrum to improve their knowledge of these fascinating entities.

Table of Contents

Preface
About the Companion Website

PART I THE NATURE OF VIRUSES
Chapter 1 Towards a Definition of a Virus
1.1 Discovery of Viruses
1.2 Multiplication of Viruses
1.3 The Virus Multiplication Cycle
1.4 Viruses can be Defined in Chemical Terms
1.5 Multiplication of Bacterial and Animal Viruses is Fundamentally Similar
1.6 Viruses can be Manipulated Genetically
1.7 Properties of Viruses
1.8 Origin of Viruses
Key Points
Further Reading

Chapter 2 The Stucture of Virus Particles
2.1 Virus Particles are Constructed from Subunits
2.2 The Structure of Filamentous Viruses and Nucleoproteins
2.3 The Structure of Isometric Virus Particles
2.4 Enveloped (Membrane-Bound) Virus Particles
2.5 Virus Particles with Head-Tail Morphology
2.6 Frequency of Occurrence of Different Virus Particle Morphologies
2.7 Principles of Disassembly: Virus Particles are Metastable
Key Points
Further Reading

Chapter 3 Outline
3.1 Classification on the Basis of Disease
3.2 Classification on The Basis of Host Organism
3.3 Classification on The Basis of Virus Particle Morphology
3.4 Classification on The Basis of Viral Nucleic Acids
3.5 Classification on The Basis of Taxonomy
3.6 Satellites, Viroids and Prions
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 4 The Evolution of Viruses
4.1 Mechanisms of Virus Evolution
4.2 The Potential for Rapid Evolution: Mutation and Quasispecies
4.3 Rapid Evolution: Recombination
4.4 Rapid Evolution: Reassortment
4.5 Evolution to Find a Host, and Subsequent Co-Evolution with the Host
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 5 Techniques for Studying Viruses
5.1 Culturing Wild Virus Isolates
5.2 Enumeration of Viruses
5.3 Measuring Infectious Virus Titres
5.4 Measuring Physical Virus Titres
5.5 Detecting Virus in a Sample
5.6 Understanding Virus Replication Cycles
5.7 Viral Genetics and Reverse Genetics
5.8 Systems-Level Virology
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

PART II VIRUS GROWTH IN CELLS
Chapter 6 The Process of Infection: I. Virus Attachment and Entry into Cells
6.1 Infection of Animal Cells: The Nature and Importance of Receptors
6.2 Infection of Animal Cells: Enveloped Viruses
6.3 Infection of Animal Cells: Non-Enveloped Viruses
6.4 Infection of Plants Cells
6.5 Infection of Bacteria
6.6 Infection of Cells: Post-Entry Events
6.7 Virus Entry: Cell Culture and The Whole Organism
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 7 The Process of Infection: IIA. The Replication of Viral DNA
7.1 The Universal Mechanism of DNA Synthesis
7.2 Replication of Circular Double-Stranded DNA Genomes: Polyomavirus, Papillomavirus and Baculovirus Families
7.3 Replication of Linear Double-Stranded DNA Genomes That Can Form Circles: Herpesvirus family; bacteriophage ?
7.4 Replication of Linear Double-Stranded DNA Genomes that Do Not Circularize: Adenovirus and Poxvirus Families
7.5 Replication of Single-Stranded Circular DNA Genomes: Bacteriophages fX174 and M13
7.6 Replication of Linear Single-Stranded DNA Genomes: Parvovirus Family
7.7 Dependency versus Autonomy among DNA Viruses
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 8 The process of Infection: IIB. Genome Replication in RNA Viruses
8.1 Nature and diversity of RNA Virus Genomes
8.2 Regulatory elements for RNA Virus Genome Synthesis
8.3 Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore Class 3 Viruses
8.4 Synthesis of the RNA Genome of Baltimore Class 4 Viruses
8.5 Synthesis of the RNA Genome of Baltimore Class 5 Viruses
8.6 Synthesis of the RNA Genome of Viroids and Hepatitis Delta Virus
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 9 The Process of Infection: IIC. The Replication of RNA Viruses with A DNA Intermediate and Vice Versa
9.1 The Retrovirus Replication Cycle
9.2 Discovery of Reverse Transcription
9.3 Retroviral Reverse Transcriptase
9.4 Mechanism of Retroviral Reverse Transcription
9.5 Integration of retroviral DNA into Cell DNA
9.6 Production of Retrovirus Progeny Genomes
9.7 Spumaviruses: Retrovirus with Unusual Features
9.8 The Hepadnavirus Replication Cycle
9.9 Mechanism Of Hepadnavirus Reverse Transcription
9.10 Comparing Reverse Transcribing Viruses
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 10 The Process of Infection: IIIA. Gene Expression in DNA Viruses and Reverse-Transcribing Viruses
10.1 The DNA viruses and retroviruses: Baltimore Classes 1, 2, 6 and 7
10.2 Polyomaviruses
10.3 Papillomaviruses
10.4 Adenoviruses
10.5 Herpesviruses
10.6 Poxviruses
10.7 Parvoviruses
10.8 Retroviruses
10.9 Hepadnaviruses
10.10 DNA Bacteriophages
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 11 The Process of Infection: IIIB.Gene Expression and its Regulation in RNS Viruses
11.1 The RNA Viruses: Baltimore Classes 3, 4 and 5
11.2 Reoviruses
11.3 Picornaviruses
11.4 Alphaviruses
11.5 Coronaviruses
11.6 Negative sense RNA viruses with Segmented Genomes
11.7 Orthomyxoviruses
11.8 Arenaviruses
11.9 Negative Sense RNA Viruses with Non-Segmented, Single Stranded Genomes: Rhabdoviruses and Paramyxoviruses
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 12 The Process Of Infection: IV. The Assembly Of Viruses
12.1 Self-Assembly From Mature Virion Components
12.2 Assembly of Viruses with a Helical Structure
12.3 Assembly of Viruses with an Isometric Structure
12.4 Assembly of Complex Viruses
12.5 Sequence-Dependent and -Independent Packaging Of Virus DNA in Virus Particles
12.6 The Assembly of Enveloped Viruses
12.7 Segmented Virus Genomes: The Acquisition of Multiple Nucleic Acid Molecules
12.8 Maturation of Virus Particles
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

PART III VIRUS INTERACTIONS WITH THE WHOLE ORGANISM
Chapter 13 Innate and Intrinsic Immunity
13.1 Innate Immune Responses in Vertebrates – Discovery of Interferon
13.2 Induction of Type 1 Interferon Responses
13.3 Virus Countermeasures to Innate Immunity
13.4 TRIM Proteins and Immunity
13.5 Intrinsic Resistance to Viruses in Vertebrates
13.6 Innate and Intrinsic Immunity and the Outcome Of Infection
13.7 RNAI Is an Important Antiviral Mechanism in Invertebrates and Plants
13.8 Detecting and Signalling Infection in Invertebrates and Plants
13.9 Virus Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria and Archaea
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 14 The Adaptive Immune Response
14.1 General Features of the Adaptive Immune System
14.2 Cell-Mediated Immunity
14.3 Antibody-Mediated Humoral Immunity
14.4 Virus Evasion of Adaptive Immunity
14.5 Age and Adaptive Immunity
14.6 Interaction between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 15 Interactions between Animal Viruses and Cells
15.1 Acutely Cytopathogenic Infections
15.2 Persistent Infections
15.3 Latent Infections
15.4 Transforming Infections
15.5 Abortive Infections
15.6 Null Infections
15.7 How Do Animal Viruses Kill Cells?
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 16 Animal Virus–Host Interactions
16.1 Cause and Effect: Koch’s Postulates
16.2 A Classification of Virus–Host Interactions
16.3 Acute Infections
16.4 Subclinical Infections
16.5 Persistent and Chronic Infections
16.6 Latent Infections
16.7 Slowly Progressive Diseases
16.8 Virus-Induced Tumours
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 17 Mechanisms in Virus Latency
17.1 The Latent Interaction of Virus and Host
17.2 Gene Expression and the Lytic and Lysogenic Life of Bacteriophage ?
17.3 Herpes Simplex Virus Latency
17.4 Epstein-Barr Virus Latency
17.5 Latency in Other Herpesviruses
17.6 HIV-1 Latency
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 18 Transmission of Viruses
18.1 Virus Transmission Cycles
18.2 Barriers to Transmission
18.3 Routes of Horizontal Transmission in Animals
18.4 Vertical Transmission
18.5 Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Transmission
18.6 Epidemiology of Virus Infections
18.7 Sustaining Infection in Populations
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

PART IV VIRUSES AND HUMAN DISEASE
Chapter 19 Human Viral Disease: An Overview
19.1 A Survey of Human Viral Pathogens
19.2 Factors Affecting the Relative Incidence of Viral Disease
19.3 Factors Determining the Nature and Severity of Viral Disease
19.4 Common Signs and Symptoms of Viral Infection
19.5 Acute Viral Infection 1: Gastrointestinal Infections
19.6 Acute Viral Infection 2: Respiratory Infections
19.7 Acute Viral Infection 3: Systemic Spread
19.8 Acute Viral Disease: Conclusions
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 20 Influenza Virus Infection
20.1 The Origins of Human Influenza Viruses
20.2 Influenza Virus Replication
20.3 Influenza Virus Infection and Disease
20.4 Virus Determinants of Disease
20.5 Host Factors in Influenza Virus Disease
20.6 The Immune Response and Influenza Virus
20.7 Anti-influenza Treatment
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 21 HIV and AIDS
21.1 Origins and Spread of the HIV Pandemic
21.2 Molecular Biology of HIV
21.3 HIV Transmission and Tropism
21.4 Course of HIV Infection: Pathogenesis and Disease
21.5 Immunological Abnormalities during HIV Infection
21.6 Prevention and Control of HIV Infection
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 22 Viral Hepatitis
22.1 The Signs and Symptoms Of Hepatitis
22.2 Hepatitis A Virus Infections
22.3 Hepatitis E Virus Infections
22.4 Hepatitis B Virus Infections
22.5 Hepatitis D Virus Infections
22.6 Hepatitis C Virus Infections
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 23 Vector-Borne Infections
23.1 Arboviruses and their Hosts
23.2 Yellow Fever Virus
23.3 Dengue Virus
23.4 Chikungunya Virus
23.5 West Nile Virus in the USA
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 24 Exotic and Emerging Viral Infections
24.1 Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Emerging Filoviruses
24.2 Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Emerging Paramyxoviruses
24.3 SARS and MERS: Emerging Coronaviruses
24.4 Predicting the Future: Clues from Analysis of the Genomes of Previously Unknown Viruses
Key points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 25 Carcinogenesis and Tumour Viruses
25.1 Immortalization, Transformation and Tumourigenesis
25.2 Oncogenic Viruses
25.3 Polyomaviruses, Papillomaviruses and Adenoviruses: The Small DNA Tumour Viruses as Experimental Models
25.4 Papillomaviruses and Human Cancer
25.5 Polyomaviruses and Human Cancer
25.6 Herpesvirus Involvement in Human Cancers
25.7 Retroviruses as Experimental Model Tumour Viruses
25.8 Retroviruses and Naturally-Occurring Tumours
25.9 Hepatitis Viruses and Liver Cancer
25.10 Prospects for the Control of Virus-Associated Cancers
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 26 Vaccines and Immunotherapy: The Prevention of Virus Diseases
26.1 The Principles of Vaccination
26.2 Whole Virus Vaccines
26.3 Advantages, Disadvantages and Difficulties Associated With Whole Virus Vaccines
26.4 Subunit Vaccines
26.5 Advantages, Disadvantages and Difficulties Associated With Subunit Vaccines
26.6 Considerations for the Generation and Use of Vaccines
26.7 Adverse Reactions and Clinical Complications with Vaccines
26.8 Eradication of Virus Diseases by Vaccination
26.9 Immunotherapy for Virus Infections
26.10 Adverse Reactions and Clinical Complications with Immunotherapy
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 27 Antiviral Therapy
27.1 Scope and Limitations of Antiviral Therapy
27.2 Antiviral Therapy for Herpesvirus Infections
27.3 Antiviral Therapy for Influenza Virus Infections
27.4 Antiviral Therapy for HIV Infections
27.5 Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis Virus Infections
27.6 Therapy for Other Virus Infections
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 28 Prion Diseases
28.1 The Spectrum of Prion Diseases
28.2 The Prion Hypothesis
28.3 The Aetiology of Prion Diseases
28.4 Prion Disease Pathogenesis
28.5 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
28.6 BSE and the Emergence of Variant CJD
28.7 Concerns about Variant CJD in the Future
28.8 Further Questions
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading
PART V VIROLOGY – THE WIDER CONTEXT

Chapter 29 The Economic Impact of Viruses
29.1 The Economics of Virus Infections of Humans
29.2 The Economics of Virus Infections of Animals
29.3 The Economics of Virus Infections of Plants
29.4 The Netherlands Tulip Market Crash
Key Points
Questions
Further Reading

Chapter 30 Recombinant Viruses: Making Viruses Work for Us
30.1 Recombinant Viruses as Vaccines
30.2 Recombinant Viruses for Gene Therapy
30.3 Retroviral Vectors for Gene Therapy
30.4 Adenovirus Vectors for Gene Therapy
30.5 Parvovirus Vectors for Gene Therapy
30.6 Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Therapy
30.7 Recombinant Viruses in the Laboratory
Key points
Questions
Further reading

Chapter 31 Viruses: Shaping the Planet
31.1 Virus Infections Can Give a Host an Evolutionary Advantage
31.2 Endogenous Retroviruses and Host Biology
31.3 Bacteriophage Can Be Pathogenicity Determinants for Their Hosts
31.4 Cyanophage Impacts on Carbon Fixation and Oceanic Ecosystems
31.5 Virology and Society: For Good or Ill

Key points
Questions
Further reading
Index