Color Appearance Models

Description

The essential resource for readers needing to understand visual perception and for those trying to produce, reproduce and measure color appearance in various applications such as imaging, entertainment, materials, design, architecture and lighting.

This book builds upon the success of previous editions, and will continue to serve the needs of those professionals working in the field to solve practical problems or looking for background for on-going research projects. It would also act as a good course text for senior undergraduates and postgraduates studying color science.

The 3rd Edition of Color Appearance Models contains numerous new and expanded sections providing an updated review of color appearance and includes many of the most widely used models to date, ensuring its continued success as the comprehensive resource on color appearance models.

Key features:

• Presents the fundamental concepts and phenomena of color appearance (what objects look like in typical viewing situations) and practical techniques to measure, model and predict those appearances.
• Includes the clear explanation of fundamental concepts that makes the implementation of mathematical models very easy to understand.
• Explains many different types of models, and offers a clear context for the models, their use, and future directions in the field.

Table of Contents

Series Preface
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction

1 Human Color Vision 1

• 1.1 Optics of the Eye 2
• 1.2 The Retina 7
• 1.3 Visual Signal Processing 14
• 1.4 Mechanisms of Color Vision 19
• 1.5 Spatial and Temporal Properties of Color Vision 27
• 1.6 Color Vision Deficiencies 32
• 1.7 Key Features for Color Appearance Modeling 36

2 Psychophysics 38

• 2.1 Psychophysics Defined 39
• 2.2 Historical Context 40
• 2.3 Hierarchy of Scales 43
• 2.4 Threshold Techniques 45
• 2.5 Matching Techniques 49
• 2.6 One-Dimensional Scaling 50
• 2.7 Multidimensional Scaling 52
• 2.8 Design of Psychophysical Experiments 54
• 2.9 Importance in Color Appearance Modeling 55

3 Colorimetry 56

• 3.1 Basic and Advanced Colorimetry 57
• 3.2 Why is Color? 57
• 3.3 Light Sources and Illuminants 59
• 3.4 Colored Materials 63
• 3.5 The Human Visual Response 68
• 3.6 Tristimulus Values and Color Matching Functions 70
• 3.7 Chromaticity Diagrams 77
• 3.8 Cie Color Spaces 79
• 3.9 Color Difference Specification 81
• 3.10 The Next Step 83

4 Color Appearance Terminology 85

• 4.1 Importance of Definitions 85
• 4.2 Color 86
• 4.3 Hue 88
• 4.4 Brightness and Lightness 88
• 4.5 Colorfulness and Chroma 90
• 4.6 Saturation 91
• 4.7 Unrelated and Related Colors 91
• 4.8 Definitions in Equations 92
• 4.9 Brightness–Colorfulness Vs Lightness–Chroma 94

5 Color Order Systems 97

• 5.1 Overview and Requirements 98
• 5.2 The Munsell Book of Color 99
• 5.3 The Swedish Ncs 104
• 5.4 The Colorcurve System 106
• 5.5 Other Color Order Systems 107
• 5.6 Uses of Color Order Systems 109
• 5.7 Color Naming Systems 112

6 Color Appearance Phenomena 115

• 6.1 What are Color Appearance Phenomena? 115
• 6.2 Simultaneous Contrast, Crispening, and Spreading 116
• 6.3 Bezold–Brücke Hue Shift (Hue Changes with Luminance) 120
• 6.4 Abney Effect (Hue Changes with Colorimetric Purity) 121
• 6.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect (Brightness Depends On Luminance and Chromaticity) 123
• 6.6 Hunt Effect (Colorfulness Increases with Luminance) 125
• 6.7 Stevens Effect (Contrast Increases with Luminance) 127
• 6.8 Helson–Judd Effect (Hue of Non-Selective Samples) 129
• 6.9 Bartleson–Breneman Equations (Image Contrast Changes with Surround) 131
• 6.10 Discounting-the-Illuminant 132
• 6.11 Other Context, Structural, and Psychological Effects 133
• 6.12 Color Constancy? 140

7 Viewing Conditions 142

• 7.1 Configuration of the Viewing Field 142
• 7.2 Colorimetric Specification of the Viewing Field 146
• 7.3 Modes of Viewing 149
• 7.4 Unrelated and Related Colors Revisited 154

8 Chromatic Adaptation 156

• 8.1 Light, Dark, and Chromatic Adaptation 157
• 8.2 Physiology 159
• 8.3 Sensory and Cognitive Mechanisms 170
• 8.4 Corresponding Colors Data 174
• 8.5 Models 177
• 8.6 Color Inconstancy Index 178
• 8.7 Computational Color Constancy 179

9 Chromatic Adaptation Models 181

• 9.1 Von Kries Model 182
• 9.2 Retinex Theory 186
• 9.3 Nayatani et al. Model 187
• 9.4 Guth’s Model 190
• 9.5 Fairchild’s 1990 Model 192
• 9.6 Herding Cats 196
• 9.7 Cat02 197

10 Color Appearance Models 199

• 10.1 Definition of Color Appearance Models 199
• 10.2 Construction of Color Appearance Models 200
• 10.3 Cielab 201
• 10.4 Why Not Use Just Cielab? 210
• 10.5 What About Cieluv? 210

11 The Nayatani et al. Model 213

• 11.1 Objectives and Approach 213
• 11.2 Input Data 214
• 11.3 Adaptation Model 215
• 11.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 217
• 11.5 Brightness 218
• 11.6 Lightness 219
• 11.7 Hue 219
• 11.8 Saturation 220
• 11.9 Chroma 221
• 11.10 Colorfulness 221
• 11.11 Inverse Model 222
• 11.12 Phenomena Predicted 222
• 11.13 Why Not Use Just the Nayatani et al. Model? 223

12 The Hunt Model 225

• 12.1 Objectives and Approach 225
• 12.2 Input Data 226
• 12.3 Adaptation Model 228
• 12.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 233
• 12.5 Hue 234
• 12.6 Saturation 235
• 12.7 Brightness 236
• 12.8 Lightness 238
• 12.9 Chroma 238
• 12.10 Colorfulness 238
• 12.11 Inverse Model 239
• 12.12 Phenomena Predicted 241
• 12.13 Why Not Use Just the Hunt Model? 242

13 The Rlab Model 243

• 13.1 Objectives and Approach 243
• 13.2 Input Data 245
• 13.3 Adaptation Model 246
• 13.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 248
• 13.5 Lightness 250
• 13.6 Hue 250
• 13.7 Chroma 252
• 13.8 Saturation 252
• 13.9 Inverse Model 252
• 13.10 Phenomena Predicted 254
• 13.11 Why Not Use Just the Rlab Model? 254

14 Other Models 256

• 14.1 Overview 256
• 14.2 Atd Model 257
• 14.3 Llab Model 264
• 14.4 Ipt Color Space 271

15 The Cie Color Appearance Model (1997), Ciecam97s 273

• 15.1 Historical Development, Objectives, and Approach 273
• 15.2 Input Data 276
• 15.3 Adaptation Model 277
• 15.4 Appearance Correlates 279
• 15.5 Inverse Model 280
• 15.6 Phenomena Predicted 281
• 15.7 The Zlab Color Appearance Model 282
• 15.8 Why Not Use Just Ciecam97s? 285

16 Ciecam02 287

• 16.1 Objectives and Approach 287
• 16.2 Input Data 288
• 16.3 Adaptation Model 290
• 16.4 Opponent Color Dimensions 294
• 16.5 Hue 294
• 16.6 Lightness 295
• 16.7 Brightness 295
• 16.8 Chroma 295
• 16.9 Colorfulness 296
• 16.10 Saturation 296
• 16.11 Cartesian Coordinates 296
• 16.12 Inverse Model 297
• 16.13 Implementation Guidelines 297
• 16.14 Phenomena Predicted 298
• 16.15 Computational Issues 298
• 16.16 Cam02-Ucs 300
• 16.17 Why Not Use Just Ciecam02? 301
• 16.18 Outlook 301

17 Testing Color Appearance Models 303

• 17.1 Overview 303
• 17.2 Qualitative Tests 304
• 17.3 Corresponding-Colors Data 308
• 17.4 Magnitude Estimation Experiments 310
• 17.5 Direct Model Tests 312
• 17.6 Colorfulness in Projected Images 316
• 17.7 Munsell in Color Appearance Spaces 317
• 17.8 Cie Activities 318
• 17.9 A Pictorial Review of Color Appearance Models 323

18 Traditional Colorimetric Applications 328

• 18.1 Color Rendering 328
• 18.2 Color Differences 333
• 18.3 Indices of Metamerism 335
• 18.4 A General System of Colorimetry? 337
• 18.5 What About Observer Metamerism? 338

19 Device-Independent Color Imaging 341

• 19.1 The Problem 342
• 19.2 Levels of Color Reproduction 343
• 19.3 A Revised Set of Objectives 345
• 19.4 General Solution 348
• 19.5 Device Calibration and Characterization 349
• 19.6 The Need for Color Appearance Models 354
• 19.7 Definition of Viewing Conditions 355
• 19.8 Viewing-Conditions-Independent Color Space 357
• 19.9 Gamut Mapping 357
• 19.10 Color Preferences 361
• 19.11 Inverse Process 362
• 19.12 Example System 363
• 19.13 Icc Implementation 364

20 I mage Appearance Modeling and the Future 369

• 20.1 From Color Appearance to Image Appearance 370
• 20.2 S-Cielab 375
• 20.3 The icam Framework 376
• 20.4 A Modular Image Difference Model 382
• 20.5 Image Appearance and Rendering Applications 385
• 20.6 Image Difference and Quality Applications 391
• 20.7 icam06 392
• 20.8 Orthogonal Color Space 393
• 20.9 Future Directions 396

21 High-Dynamic-Range Color Space 399

• 21.1 Luminance Dynamic Range 400
• 21.2 The Hdr Photographic Survey 401
• 21.3 Lightness–Brightness Beyond Diffuse White 403
• 21.4 hdr-Cielab 404
• 21.5 hdr-Ipt 406
• 21.6 Evans, G0, and Brilliance 407
• 21.7 The Nayatani Theoretical Color Space 409
• 21.8 A New Kind of Appearance Space 409
• 21.9 Future Directions 416

References 418
Index 440

Author

Mark D. Fairchild, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA

Dr. Fairchild is Professor of Color Science and Imaging Science at RIT. He is an Associate Dean for Research & Graduate Education of RIT's College of Science, facilitating the growth and strengthening of the college's research activities and graduate programs. Until recently, he had been the Director of the Munsell Color Science Laboratory for the past 12 years.