Equine Clinical Immunology

Description

Equine Clinical Immunology offers comprehensive information on equine immunological disorders.

• Provides a complete, equine-specific reference on clinical immunology
• Focuses on clinically relevant information for the diagnosis and treatment of horses with immune disorders
• Illustrates the concepts discussed using drawings, photographs, and tables
• Presents key concepts, clinical assessment information, and treatment approaches in text boxes for ease of use
• Offers a practical, clinically oriented approach ideal for equine specialists

Contents

Contributors,
Preface,

1 The Immune System, 1
M. Julia B. Felippe
1.1 Definition, 1
1.2 The organs of the immune system, 1
1.3 The immune cells and soluble molecules, 2
1.4 B and T cell activation in lymphoid tissues, 6
1.5 When the immune response goes wrong, 9
References, 10
2 The Immune System of the Young Horse, 11
Rebecca L. Tallmadge
2.1 Definition, 11
2.2 Equine immune system development, 11
2.3 Unique susceptibilities and disorders of young horses, 16
2.4 Vaccinology teaches about neonatal immunity, 18
References, 18
3 The Immune System of the Older Horse, 23
Amanda A. Adams and David W. Horohov
3.1 Definition, 23
3.2 Clinical conditions associated with aging, 23
3.3 Immunosenescence and vaccination, 23
3.4 Nutrition in enhancing immunity in the old horse, 26
3.5 Conclusion, 27
References, 27
4 Anaphylaxis, 31
Rolfe M. Radcliffe
4.1 Definition, 31
4.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 31
4.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 32
4.4 Diagnostics, 33
4.5 Treatment, 34
4.6 Prevention, 36
4.7 Prognosis and clinical outcomes, 37
References, 37
5 Allergy, 39
Bettina Wagner
5.1 Definition, 39
5.2 Culicoides hypersensitivity, 39
5.3 Urticaria, 43
5.4 Recurrent airway obstruction, 44
References, 44
6 Immune-Mediated Cytopenias, 47
Thomas J. Divers
6.1 Definition, 47
6.2 Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, 47
6.3 Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, 50
6.4 Immune-mediated neutropenia, 53
References, 54
7 Bullous Diseases of the Skin and Mucosa, 55
Jeanine Peters-Kennedy and Rebecca E. Ruby
7.1 Definition, 55
7.2 Immune-mediated bullous dermatoses, 55
7.3 Pemphigus complex, 57
7.4 Cutaneous adverse drug reactions, 61
7.5 Erythema multiforme, 62
7.6 Lupus erythematosus, 64
References, 65
8 Serum Sickness, 69
Lais R.R. Costa
8.1 Definition, 69
8.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 69
8.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 69
8.4 Diagnostics, 71
8.5 Treatment and prevention, 71
References, 72
9 Vasculitis, 73
James S. W. Prutton and Nicola Pusterla
9.1 Definition, 73
9.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 73
9.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 73
9.4 Diagnostics, 75
9.5 Treatment, 75
9.6 Thrombophlebitis, 75
9.7 Pastern and cannon leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 76
9.8 Drug-induced vasculitis, 76
9.9 Photo-activated vasculitis (photodynamic drugs), 77
9.10 Strongylus vulgaris, 77
9.11 Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis, 77
9.12 Equine viral arteritis, 78
9.13 Equine herpesvirus-1, 78
9.14 African horse sickness, 78
References, 79
10 Purpura Hemorrhagica, 83
Laszlo M. Hunyadi and Nicola Pusterla
10.1 Definition, 83
10.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 83
10.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 83
10.4 Diagnostics, 84
10.5 Treatment and prevention, 85
References, 86
11 Glomerulonephritis, 87
M. Julia B. Felippe
11.1 Definition, 87
11.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 87
11.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 87
11.4 Diagnostics, 88
11.5 Treatment and prognosis, 88
References, 88
12 Inflammatory and Immune-Mediated Muscle Disorders, 91
Sian Durward-Akhurst and Stephanie J. Valberg
12.1 Definition, 91
12.2 Infarctive purpura hemorrhagica, 91
12.3 Rhabdomyolysis associated with Streptococcus equi, 93
12.4 Immune-mediated myositis in Quarter Horse-related breeds, 94
12.5 Systemic calcinosis, 96
12.6 Uncharacterized immune-mediated and inflammatory myopathies, 97
12.7 Sarcocystis myositis, 97
References, 98
13 Granulomatous Diseases, 101
Lais R.R. Costa
13.1 Definition, 101
13.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 101
13.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 101
13.4 Diagnostics, 104
13.5 Treatment and prevention, 105
13.6 Types of cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, 105
References, 110
14 Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 113
Gillian A. Perkins
14.1 Definition, 113
14.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 113
14.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 113
14.4 Diagnostics, 115
14.5 Treatment and prognosis, 116
References, 117
15 Recurrent Uveitis, 121
Brian C. Gilger
15.1 Definition, 121
15.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 121
15.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 121
15.4 Diagnostics, 123
15.5 Treatment and prevention, 124
15.6 Prognosis and clinical outcomes, 124
References, 125
16 Recurrent Airway Obstruction and Summer Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 127
Michela Bullone and Jean-Pierre Lavoie
16.1 Definition, 127
16.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 127
16.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 128
16.4 Diagnostics, 134
16.5 Treatments and prevention, 136
References, 137
17 Inflammatory Airway Disease, 145
Mathilde Leclère and Jean-Pierre Lavoie
17.1 Definition, 145
17.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 145
17.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 145
17.4 Types of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid inflammation and cytokine profile, 147
17.5 Links between IAD and heaves, 148
17.6 Links between IAD and EIPH, 148
17.7 Diagnostics, 148
17.8 Treatment and prevention, 149
17.9 Prognosis and clinical outcomes, 150
References, 150
18 Inflammation, Endotoxemia and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, 153
Erin L. McConachie and Kelsey A. Hart
18.1 Definition, 153
18.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 154
18.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 155
18.4 Multi-systemic response triggered by inflammatory mediators, 157
18.5 Diagnostics, 160
18.6 Treatment, 162
18.7 Prognosis and clinical outcome, 166
References, 166
19 Leukemia, 173
Tracy Stokol
19.1 Definition, 173
19.2 Classification of leukemias, 173
19.3 Specialized diagnostic techniques for leukemia, 173
19.4 Chronic leukemia, 175
19.5 Acute leukemia, 177
References, 179
20 Lymphoma, 181
SallyAnne L. Ness
20.1 Definition, 181
20.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 181
20.3 Forms of equine lymphoma, 182
20.4 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 183
20.5 Diagnostics, 183
20.6 Classification of lymphomas, 185
20.7 Prognosis and treatment, 186
20.8 Monitoring, 189
References, 189
21 Immunodeficiencies, 193
M. Julia B. Felippe
21.1 Definition, 193
21.2 Classification of immunodeficiencies, 194
References, 202
22 Immunologic Testing, 205
M. Julia B. Felippe
22.1 Definition, 205
22.2 Types of immunologic testing, 205
References, 211
23 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatories, 213
Michelle H. Barton
23.1 Definition, 213
23.2 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 213
References, 228
24 Immunosuppressive Therapy, 237
M. Julia B. Felippe
24.1 Definition, 237
24.2 Types of immunosuppressive drugs, 237
References, 240
25 Immunomodulators, 243
Elizabeth G. Davis
25.1 Definition, 243
25.2 Immunologic mechanisms, 243
25.3 Commercially available immunostimulants for use in horses, 244
References, 249
26 Immunoglobulin Therapy, 251
Elizabeth G. Davis
26.1 Definition, 251
26.2 Immunologic mechanisms, 251
References, 254
27 Plasmapheresis, 257
Nathan M. Slovis
27.1 Definition, 257
27.2 Methods for preparing plasma products, 257
27.3 Apheresis, 258
27.4 Therapeutic plasmapheresis, 258
27.5 Complications of therapeutic plasmapheresis, 260
References, 260
28 Principles of Vaccination, 263
Noah D. Cohen and Angela I. Bordin
28.1 Definition, 263
28.2 Efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines, 263
28.3 Safety of vaccines, 271
28.4 Key knowledge-gaps in equine vaccinology, 273
28.5 Protocols for vaccination, 275
References, 276
29 Types of Vaccines, 279
Angela I. Bordin and Noah D. Cohen
29.1 Definition, 279
29.2 Immunologic mechanisms, 279
29.3 Immune responses to vaccination, 282
29.4 Routes of vaccination, 284
29.5 Adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems, 285
29.6 Important diseases with unavailable effective vaccines, 285
References, 286
30 Transplantation Immunology, 289
Rebecca L. Tallmadge
30.1 Definition, 289
30.2 Equine MHC genes: genomic organization and variation, 289
30.3 Determining equine MHC haplotypes, 290
30.4 Immunosuppression and engraftment, 291
30.5 Graft rejection, 292
30.6 Current transplantation applications, 293
References, 294
31 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy, 297
Gerlinde R. Van de Walle, Catharina De Schauwer and Lisa A. Fortier
31.1 Definition, 297
31.2 Regenerative functions of mesenchymal stem cells, 297
31.3 Immunologic mechanisms and associations, 298
31.4 Sources of equine mesenchymal stem cells, 299
31.5 Characterization of equine mesenchymal stem cells, 300
31.6 Applications of equine mesenchymal stem cells in equine regenerative medicine, 302
References, 306
32 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 311
M. Julia B. Felippe
32.1 Definition, 311
32.2 Hematopoietic stem cell sources, 311
32.3 Pre-transplantation conditioning, 313
32.4 Post-transplantation immunosuppression, 313
32.5 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the horse, 313

References, 315
Index, 317

Author Information

M. Julia B. Felippe, MedVet, MSc, PhD, DACVIM, is an Associate Professor of Large Animal Medicine and Veterinary Curriculum Director at Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine in Ithaca, New York, USA.