Essential Fluid, Electrolyte and Ph Homeostasis

Description

This textbook provides a unique, pocket-sized, self-directed study guide to fluid, electrolyte and acid base homeostasis for undergraduate biomedical science, pharmacology, medical and allied health students. It details the chemical (mostly ionic) composition of body fluids, explains how abnormalities arise, what laboratory tests can be used to identify and analyze the cause of these disorders and shows how normality can be achieved to maintain health.

Table of Contents

• List of figures
• List of tables
• Preface
• Acknowledgements

Part 1: Background theory and basic concepts.

• Section 1.
1. Introduction and overview
2. Water
3. Solutions: concentrations and colligative properties of solutes
4. Self-assessment exercise 1.1
5. Acids and bases
6. Buffers and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
7. Self-assessment exercise 1.2
8. Body fluids and their composition: overview
9. Fluid balance: (a) between fluid compartments and (b) intake and loss
10. Ionic composition and electrical neutrality
11. Water and ion distribution between compartments 1: Physical chemistry
12. Water and ion distribution between compartments 2: Physiology
13. Osmoregulation: solvent and solute balance
14. Self-assessment exercise 1.3
15. Summary of Part 1
• Answers to Part 1 self-assessment exercises

Part 2: Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.

• Normal physiology
1. Fluid translocation: plasma to ISF and ISF to ICF
2. Renal function: a brief overview
3. Renal regulation of blood composition
4. Self-assessment exercise 2.1
5. Minerals: key roles in physiology and metabolism
6. Sodium and potassium
7. Sodium and water homeostasis: renal regulation of blood pressure and blood volume
8. Calcium and magnesium
9. Iron
10. Selected trace elements: Mn, Co, Se and S
11. Anions: bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate and proteins
12. Self-assessment exercise 2.2
13. Laboratory measurements 1: Osmometry
14. Laboratory measurements 2: Ion selective electrodes (ISEs)
15. Laboratory measurements 3: Calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, phosphate and iron
16. Laboratory measurements 4: Miscellaneous methods for clinically useful analytes
17. Self-assessment exercise 2.3
• Disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance
1. Introduction
2. Principles of data interpretation
3. Sodium, protein and water
4. Hypernatraemia
5. Hyponatraemia
6. Disturbances of potassium homeostasis
7. Hyperkalaemia
8. Hypokalaemia
9. Disturbances of calcium or magnesium balance
10. Disorders of iron homeostasis
11. Self-assessment exercise 2.4
12. Summary of Part 2
• Answers to Part 2 self-assessment exercises

Part 3: Acid-base homeostasis.

• Normal physiological processes
1. Acidity, pH and buffers: recap of some basic chemistry
2. Some worked example calculations
3. Self-assessment exercise 3.1
4. Homeostasis and the 'daily acid challenge'
5. Physiological buffering
6. The role of the kidney in acid-base homeostasis
7. Respiration: gas pressures and breathing
8. The role of red cells: gas carriage by haemoglobin
9. Self-assessment exercise 3.2
10. The liver and gastrointestinal tract in acid-base homeostasis
11. The ‘traditional’ versus the 'modern' view of acid-base homeostasis
12. Stewart’s three independent factors
13. Laboratory measurement of pH, PCO2 and bicarbonate
• Acid-base disturbances
1. Classification of primary changes based on pH and aetiology
2. Overview of mechanisms
3. Physiological correction of primary disturbances
4. Check the data
5. Self-assessment exercise 3.3
6. Non-respiratory (metabolic) acidosis
7. Metabolic acidosis: detailed case studies
8. Non-respiratory (metabolic) alkalosis: overview
9. Non-respiratory (metabolic) alkalosis: causes
10. Self-assessment exercise 3.4
11. Respiratory disorders: overview
12. Physiological consequences of respiratory disorders
13. Respiratory disorders: case studies
14. Summary of Part 3
• Answers to Part 3 self-assessment exercises

• Appendix
• Index