Non-Neoplastic Hematopathology and Infections

Description

Most books on hematopathology are neoplastic in scope and offer little non-neoplastic content. In Non-Neoplastic Hematopathology and Infections, the authors fully describe the hematologic manifestations in tissue and blood of infectious agents, including many rare and exotic diseases found in both Western and Eastern hemispheres, in order to assist pathologists and medical laboratory professionals all over the world in better diagnosing and treating such infections.
Thoroughly illustrated with photographs, tables and text, this book features a wide range of non-neoplastic hematologic disorders, as well as reactive patterns of non-infectious and infectious agents. Comprehensive and state-of-the-art diagnostic materials are described, as are the epidemiology, pathobiology, clinical and pathologic manifestations in blood and lymphatic organs—as well as the approaches to treatment.

In addition, Non-Neoplastic Hematopathology and Infections:

• Contains detailed information on the pathology and patterns of blood, lymph node, and a number of bone marrow and splenic infections and infectious agent manifestations
• Thoroughly updates the classic pathology of reactive lymphadenopathies and extends this pattern-based approach to tropical and emergent infections
• Promotes the multidisciplinary integration of hematopathologists and microbiologists in the analysis and diagnostic work-up of tissue and blood
• Complements current major treatises on such tropical diseases as Manson's, Ashworth's, and Doerr's and updates the classic tomes of William St. Clair Symmers and current texts on neoplastic hematopathology

Non-Neoplastic Hematopathology and Infections is an important book for any medical professional interested in non-neoplastic hematology, infections and tissue hematopathology, infectious diseases and tropical medicine, and tropical hematopathology.

Table of Contents

Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments

Introduction

PART I Non-neoplastic Hematology 1

CHAPTER ONE
Non-neoplastic Disorders of White Blood Cells 3
Rebecca A. Levy, Vandita P. Johari, and Liron Pantanowitz

Overview of WBC Production and Function, 3
Quantitative Disorders of WBCS, 6
Qualitative Disorders of WBCS, 21
References, 26

CHAPTER TWO
Non-neoplastic Disorders of Platelets 31
Lija Joseph

Platelet Production Structure and Function, 31
Quantitative Disorders of Platelets, 33
Qualitative Disorders of Platelets, 39
References, 43

CHAPTER THREE
Approach to Disorders of Red Blood Cells 45
Jason C. Ford

Introduction, 45
The Anemias, 45
The Approach to Anemia, 50
The Polycythemias, 63
References, 63

CHAPTER FOUR
Microcytic, Normocytic, and Macrocytic Anemias 65
Reza Setoodeh and Loveleen C. Kang

Microcytic Anemias, 65
Normocytic Anemias, 74
Macrocytic Anemias, 81
References, 86

CHAPTER FIVE
Disorders of Hemoglobin 89
Parul Bhargava

Overview, 89
Quantitative Disorders of Hemoglobin, 89
Qualitative Disorders of Hemoglobin, 97
Mixed–Quantitative Qualitative Disorders of Hemoglobin, 104
Double Heterozygous States, 105
Approach to Diagnosis of Hemoglobin Disorders, 106
References, 111

PART II Infectious Aspects of Hematology 113

CHAPTER SIX
Apicomplexal Parasites of Peripheral Blood, Bone Marrow, and Spleen: The Genera Plasmodium, Babesia, and Toxoplasma 115
Lynne S. Garcia

Plasmodium, 115
Babesia, 125
Toxoplasma, 128
References, 134

CHAPTER SEVEN
Blood and Tissue Flagellates of the Class Kinetoplastidea: The Genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma 139
Raul E. Villanueva and Stephen D. Allen

Leishmaniasis, 139
Chagas' Disease, 145
African Trypanosomiasis, 150
References, 155

CHAPTER EIGHT
Proteobacteria and Rickettsial Agents: Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis and Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis 159
Sheldon Campbell and Tal Oren

Microbiology and Epidemiology of HGA and HME, 159
Clinical Syndromes, 160
Differential Diagnosis, 160
Diagnostic Approach, 161
Prevention and Treatment, 163
References, 163

CHAPTER NINE
Clinically Significant Fungal Yeasts 165
Ramon L. Sandin

Introduction, 165
Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (H. capsulatum), 166
Blastomyces dermatitidis, 170
Coccidioides immitis, 174
Cryptococcus neoformans, 178
Candida albicans and other Candida Species, 183
Malassezia furfur, 188
References, 193

CHAPTER TEN
Hematologic Aspects of Tropical Infections 195
Deniz Peker

Anemia in Tropical Infections, 195
Vascular Purpuras, 202
References, 203

PART III Non-neoplastic Lymph Node Pathology and Infections 205

CHAPTER ELEVEN
Classification of Reactive Lymphadenopathy 207
Hernani D. Cualing

Introduction, 207
References, 229

CHAPTER TWELVE
Lymph Node Biology, Markers and Disease 231
Hernani D. Cualing

Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue, 231
Pathophysiology, 231
Cortex, 232
Paracortex, 240
Sinus Histiocytes, 242
Epithelioid Histiocytes and Granulomas, 243
Nodal Framework, 243
References, 246

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Lymphadenopathy with Predominant Follicular Patterns 249
Shohreh Iravani Dickinson, Jun Mo, and Hernani D. Cualing

Germinal Center Hyperplasia, 249
Regressive Transformation of Germinal Center (Atrophic) Pattern, 256
Progressive Transformation of Germinal Center Pattern, 267
Marginal Zone Hyperplasia and Mantle Cell Hyperplasia, 273
Reactive Follicular Pattern, Mixed with Other Patterns, Specific Entities, 276
Mixed Pattern with Follicular Hyperplasia, Microgranulomas, Monocytoid Hyperplasia, 278
Follicular Hyperplasia with Capsular Fibrosis and Plasmacytosis-Syphilis, 282
References, 284

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Reactive Lymphadenopathy with Paracortical Pattern, Noninfectious Etiology 291
Ling Zhang and Jeremy W. Bowers

Paracortical Hyperplasia, 291
Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy, 297
Reactive Immunoblastic Proliferation, 301
Postvaccinal Lymphadenitis, 307
Drug-Induced Lymphadenopathy, 309
Anticonvulsant (Phenytoin)-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorder, 309
Methotrexate-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorder, 312
References, 315

CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Reactive Lymphadenopathy with Diffuse Paracortical Pattern—Infectious Etiology 323
Jeremy W. Bowers and Ling Zhang

Introduction, 323
Infectious Mononucleosis Lymphadenitis, 323
Cytomegalovirus Lymphadenitis, 329
Herpes Simplex Virus Lymphadenitis, 333
Varicella Zoster Lymphadenitis, 337
References, 340

CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Reactive Lymphadenopathy with Sinus Pattern 347
Hernani D. Cualing

Sinuses and Vascular Supply, 347
Sinus Histiocytosis, Nonspecific, 347
Signet Ring Histiocytosis, 354
Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy (or Rosai–Dorfman Disease), 355
Pigmented Sinus Histiocytic Pattern Secondary to Iron Overload from Hemochromatosis, Transfusion, or Hemolysis, 357
Histiocytic Reaction to Foreign Matter, 359
Sinus Pattern from Extramedullary Hematopoiesis, 361
Immature "Sinus Histiocytosis" or Monocytoid B-Cell Hyperplasia, 363
Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndromes, 365
Vascular Transformation of Sinuses (VTS), 366
Whipple's Disease (WD) Lymphadenopathy, 368
References, 370

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Mixed Lymph Node Patterns: Stromal and Histiocytic Reactions, NonInfectious 375
Hernani D. Cualing

Proteinaceous Lymphadenopathy Including Immunoglobulin Deposition Lymphadenopathy, 375
Lymph Node Fibrosis or Fibrotic Changes, Nonspecific, 377
Inflammatory Pseudotumor of Lymph Nodes, 379
Fatty Replacement or Fatty Changes, Nonspecific, 383
Tumor Reactive Granulomatas, 384
References, 386

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Mixed Lymph Node Patterns: Including Granulomatous Lymphadenopathy, Noninfectious 389
Xiaohui Zhang and Hernani D. Cualing

Mixed Pattern with Follicular Hyperplasia and Eosinophilia, 389
Mixed Nonnecrotizing ‘‘Dry’’ Granulomas, 396
Mixed Pattern with Hemorrhage and Infarction, 404
Mixed Necrotizing Pattern with No or Minimal Granulomas, 406
Necrotizing Nonsuppurative Granulomatas, 410
Necrotizing Suppurative Granulomatas, 413
Granulomatous Change within Germinal Centers, 415
Mixed Pattern with Plasmacytosis, 418
References, 420

CHAPTER NINETEEN
Mixed Patterns in Lymph Node, Suppurative Necrotizing Granulomatous Infectious Lymphadenopathy 427
Hernani D. Cualing and Gary Hellerman

Cat-Scratch Disease, 427
Tularemia, 431
Lymphogranuloma venereum, 433
Chancroid, H. ducreyi, 434
Yersinia enterocolitica/pseudotuberculosis Lymphadenitis, 435
Brucellosis, 437
Melioidosis, 439
Typhoid Lymphadenitis (Salmonella typhi), 442
References, 444

CHAPTER TWENTY
Mixed Patterns: Emergent/Tropical Infections with Characterized Lymphadenopathy 447
Hernani D. Cualing

Mixed Pattern with Granulomatas and Diagnostic Microorganisms, 447
Lymphadenopathy Secondary to Localized Filariasis, 449
Schistosomiasis, 453
Leishmaniasis, 454
Mixed Pattern with Granulomas and Foamy Macrophages, 457
Mixed Pattern with Deposition of Interstitial Substance, 459
Mixed Pattern with Caseation Necrosis, 461
Mixed Pattern Atypical Mycobacterial Infections in AIDS, 463
Mixed Pattern with Angiomatoid Change, 467
Mixed Pattern with Spent Granulomas and Extracellular Organisms, 470
African Histoplamosis Secondary to H. capsulatum var duboisii, 474
References, 476

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
Cytopathology of Non-neoplastic and Infectious Lymphadenopathy 481
Sara E. Monaco, Liron Pantanowitz, and Walid E. Khalbuss

Technical Components, 483
Approach to Cytomorphologic Evaluation of Lymph Nodes, 484
FNA Reporting Terminology, 485
Intraoperative Touch Preparation, 487
Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia, 487
Inflammatory and Infectious Causes of Lymphadenopathy, 488
Other Causes of Lymphadenopathy, 497
Lymphadenopathy in the Pediatric Patient, 504
Use of Ancillary Studies, 504
Molecular Studies, 506
References, 506

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Mixed Patterns In Lymph Node: Tropical Infectious Lymphadenopathy and Hematopathology, Not Otherwise Characterized 511
Hernani D. Cualing

Introduction, 511
Hemorrhagic Lymphadenopathy, 511
Sinus Pattern, 517
Diffuse Pattern with Depletion and Atypical Immunoblastic Reaction, 525
Unusual Granulomas Q Fever, 531
References, 533

PART IV Non-neoplastic Findings in Bone Marrow Transplantation 537

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
Non-neoplastic Hematopathology of Bone Marrow Transplant and Infections 539
Taiga Nishihori and Ernesto Ayala

Introduction, 539
Fundamental Principles of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT), 539
Characteristics of Pretransplant Bone Marrow, 542
Hematopoietic Regeneration, 542
Chimerism, 543
Post-Transplantation Marrow, 543
Complications of Hematopoietic Regeneration, 547
Conclusion, 551
References, 552
Index, 559

Author Information

Hernani Cualing MD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Director of the Hematopathology Fellowship Training Program at the University of South Florida College of Medicine in Tampa, Florida. He is also an active hematopathologist at the Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute there. In addition to his research into such topics as mantle cell and T cell lymphomas, Dr. Cualing has long been fascinated with the analysis, diagnosis, and treatment of non-neoplastic and infectious blood, marrow, and lymph diseases.

Parul Bhargava, MD, is Medical Director in the Hematology Laboratory at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Needham Campus in Boston, and a staff and faculty physician in the Pathology department there. Her primary research interests are in studying hematopoietic neoplasms and newer markers in Hodgkin Lymphoma, but she also has a strong, separate clinical interest in studying the effects of immunodeficiency and infections, particularly HIV, on the hematopoietic system.

Ramon L. Sandin, MD, MS, FCAP, ABP-MM, is a Clinical Pathologist and Medical Director of Clinical Microbiology and Virology in the Department of Hematopathology, Laboratory Medicine, and in the Blood and Marrow Transplant Program at the Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Florida 33612-9497. His special areas of expertise and research interests are in clinical microbiology and virology, and laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. This includes 'wet' laboratory work-ups and tissue section diagnosis as well as molecular diagnostic techniques.

Reviews

"An ambitious book . . . comprehensive in coverage of the wide range of non-neoplastic hematopathology. It has a particular emphasis on tropical and non-tropical infectious diseases including parasitic diseases. It should be especially useful for hematologists, hematopathologists, general pathologists, and infectious disease specialists, but should also be useful for internists, primary care physicians, and those in training. It particularly emphasizes morphologic aspects of infections which may have hematologic manifestations or present diagnostic problems." — James Warren Smith, MD, Nordschow Professor Emeritus of Laboratory Medicine, Former Chair, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine; Past President, Binford-Dammin Society of Infectious Disease Pathologists