Gpcr Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Targeting: Shifting Paradigms and New Directions

Description

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large protein family of transmembrane receptors vital in dictating cellular responses. GPCRs are involved in many diseases, but are also the target of around half of all modern medicinal drugs. Shifting Paradigms in G Protein Coupled Receptors takes a look at the way GPCRs are examined today, how they react, how their mutations lead to disease, and the many ways in which they can be screened for compounds that modulate them. Chemists, pharmacologists, and biologists will find essential information in this comprehensive reference.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. The Evolution of Receptors: From On-Off Switches to Micro-Processors (Terry Kenakin).

• 1.1 Introduction.
• 1.2 The Receptor as an On-Off Switch.
• 1.3 Historical background and Classical Receptor Theory.
• 1.4 The Operational Model of Drug Action.
• 1.5 Receptor Antagonism.
• 1.6 Specific Models of GPCRs (7TM receptors).
• 1.7 The Receptor as Microprocessor: Ternary Complex Models.
• 1.8 Receptors as Basic Drug Recognition Units.
• 1.9 Receptor Structure.
• 1.10 Future Considerations.

Chapter 2. The Evolving Pharmacology of GPCRs (Lauren T. May, Nicholas D. Holliday, and Stephen J. Hill).

• 2.1 Agonists, neutral antagonists and inverse agonists.
• 2.2 LDTRS/protean agonism.
• 2.3 Molecular mechanisms of GPCR ligand binding.
• 2.4 Two GPCR ligands binding at once- concept of allosterism.
• 2.5 GPCR dimerisation.
• 2.6 Future Perspectives.

Chapter 3. The Emergence of Allosteric Modulators for G Protein-Coupled Receptors (Karen J. Gregory, Celine Valant, John Simms, Patrick M. Sexton and Arthur Christopoulos).

• 3.1 Introduction.
• 3.2 Foundations of Allosteric Receptor Theory.
• 3.3 Models for Understanding the Effects of Allosteric Modulators.
• 3.4 Types of Allosteric Modulators and Their Properties.
• 3.5 Detection and Quantification of Allosteric Interactions.
• 3.6 Some Examples of GPCR Allosteric Modulators.
• 3.7 Concluding Remarks.

Chapter 4. Receptor-mediated G protein activation: how, how many and where? (Ingrid Gsandtner, Christian W. Gruber and Michael Freissmuth).

• 4.1 The mechanical problem - three different solutions.
• 4.2 Receptor monomers - dimers - oligomers: one size fits all?
• 4.3 Corrals, fences, rafts - are there privileged places for GPCR activation?

Chapter 5. Molecular Pharmacology of Frizzleds - with implications for possible therapy (Gunnar Schulte).

• 5.1 Introduction.
• 5.2 Frizzleds as WNT receptors.
• 5.3 Frizzled signaling.
• 5.4 Frizzleds ? physiology & possible therapy.

Chapter 6. Secretin receptor dimerization: A possible functionally-important paradigm for Family B G protein-coupled receptors (Kaleeckal G. Harikumar, Maoqing Dong, and Laurence J. Miller).

• 6.1 Methodological approaches to GPCR oligomerization.
• 6.2 Structural themes for GPCR oligomerization..
• 6.3 Functional effects of GPCR oligomerization..
• 6.4 Secretin receptor oligomerization..

Chapter 7. Past and Future Strategies for GPCR Deorphanization (Angélique Levoye, Nathalie Clement, Elodie Tenconi, and Ralf Jockers).

• 7.1 Introduction.
• 7.2 Current strategies to identify the ligand and function of orphan 7TM proteins.
• 7.3 Functional assays for deorphanization.
• 7.4 Future directions and new concepts.
• 7.5 Controversial issues.

Chapter 8. High throughput GPCR screening technologies and the emerging importance of the cell phenotype (Terry Reisine and Richard M. Eglen).

• 8.1 Introduction.
• 8.2 How are GPCR drugs discovered?
• 8.3 GPCR dependence on G proteins.
• 8.4 Technologies for GPCR compound screening and drug discovery.
• 8.5 Importance of Target cells in GPCR HTS assays.

Chapter 9. Are "traditional" biochemical techniques out of fashion in the new era of GPCR pharmacology? (Maria Teresa Dell’Anno and Maria Rosa Mazzoni).

• 9.1 Overview.
• 9.2 Receptor Binding Assays.
• 9.3 Methods for Measurement of cAMP.
• 9.4 Conclusions.

Chapter 10. Fluorescence and resonance energy transfer shine new light on GPCR function (Carsten Hoffmann and Moritz Bnemannü).

• 10.1 Overview.
• 10.2 Introduction.
• 10.3 Labeling GPCRs with fluorescent tags.
• 10.4 Detection of fluorescence and bioluminescence.
• 10.5 Fluorescence-based assays to study receptor localization, trafficking and receptor function.
• 10.6 Resonance energy transfer, a tool to get new insights into GPCR function.
• 10.7 Analysis of steady state protein/protein interaction by means of RET.
• 10.8 Kinetic analysis of protein/protein interactions by means of FRET.
• 10.9 Detection of receptor function by fluorescence resonance energy.

Chapter 11. Integration of label-free detection methods in GPCR drug discovery (Oliver Nayler, Magdalena Birker-Robaczewska, and John Gatfield).

• 11.1 Overview.
• 11.2 Introduction.
• 11.3 Label free technologies -- past and present.
• 11.3 A. Automated microscopes and microbalances.
• 11.4 Discussion.

Chapter 12. Screening for allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors (Chris Langmead).

• 12.1 Introduction.
• 12.2 The allosteric ternary complex model (ATCM), radioligand binding and affinity..
• 12.3 Beyond affinity - functional assays, efficacy and allosteric agonism.
• 12.4 Allosteric modulator titration curves.
• 12.5 The impact of functional assay format on allosteric modulator screening.
• 12.6 Taking advantage of structural understanding of allosteric binding sites..
• 12.7 Summary and future directions.

Chapter 13. Ultra High Throughput Screening Assays for GPCRs (Priya Kunapuli).

• 13.1 Introduction.
• 13.2 Assay Types for GPCRs in uHTS.
• 13.3 Summary.

Chapter 14. New techniques to express and crystallise G protein coupled receptors (James C. Errey and Fiona H. Marshall).

• 14.1 Introduction.
• 14.2 Key problems limiting production of 3D GPCR structures.
• 14.3 History of GPCR structures.
• 14.4 The search for other GPCR structures.
• 14.5 Protein purification and solubilisation.
• 14.6 In cubo crystallisation.
• 14.7 Engineering receptor stability.
• 14.8 Structures of the ß2 adrenergic receptor.
• 14.9 The adenosine A2a receptor.
• 14.10 Conclusions and Future developments.

Chapter 15. Structure and Modeling of GPCRs: Implications for drug discovery (Kimberly A. Reynolds, Vsevolod Katritch, and Ruben Abagyan).

• 15.1 Introduction.
• 15.2 High resolution GPCR modeling.
• 15.3 Constructing and Evaluating Homology Models of Other Receptor Types.
• 15.4 Modeling GPCR Functional Features - Analysis of activation and signaling.
• 15.5 Beyond Class A: modeling of other GPCR families.
• 15.6 Summary and Conclusions.

Chapter 16. X-ray Structure Developments for GPCR Drug Targets (Michael Sabio and Sid Topiol).

• 16.1 Overview.
• 16.2 Introduction.
• 16.3 CLASS A GPCRS.
• 16.4 Class C GPCRs.
• 16.5 Conclusions.

Chapter 17. Pharmacological Chaperones: Potential for the Treatment of Hereditary Diseases Caused by Mutations in G Protein-coupled Receptors (Kenneth J. Valenzano, Elfrida R. Benjamin, Patricia René, and Michel Bouvier).

• 17.1 Overview.
• 17.2 Introduction.
• 17.3 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus and the Vasopressin V2 Receptor.
• 17.4 Retinitis Pigmentosa and the Rhodopsin Receptor.
• 17.5Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor.
• 17.6 Other Human Diseases Caused by Inactivating Mutations in GPCRs.
• 17.7 Considerations for the Therapeutic Use of Pharmacological Chaperones.
• 17.8 Concluding Remarks.