Targeting Protein Kinases for Cancer Therapy

Description

An expert guide to targeting protein kinases in cancer therapy

Research has shown that protein kinases can instigate the formation and spread of cancer when they transmit faulty signals inside cells. Because of this fact, pharma-ceutical scientists have targeted kinases for intensive study, and have been working to develop medicinal roadblocks to sever their malignant means of communication.

Complete with full-color presentations, Targeting Protein Kinases for Cancer Therapydefines the structural features of protein kinases and examines their cellular func-tions. Combining kinase biology with chemistry and pharmacology applications, this book enlists emerging data to drive the discovery of new cancer-fighting drugs. Valuable information includes:

• Comprehensive overviews of the major kinase families involved in oncology, integrating protein structure and function, and providing important tools to assist pharmaceutical researchers to understand and work in this dynamic area of cancer drug research
• Focus on small molecule inhibitors as well as other therapeutic modalities
• Discussion of kinase inhibitors that have entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, with an emphasis on molecules that have progressed to late stage clinical trials and, in a few cases, to market

Providing a platform for further study, this important work reviews both the successes and challenges of kinase inhibitor therapy, and provides insight into future directions in the war against cancer.

Table of Contents

1 Kinases And Cancer.

• 1.1 A Brief History of Protein Phosphorylation.
• 1.2 Kinases and Cancer.
• 1.3 A Tour of the Human Protein Kinase SuperFamily.
• 1.3.1 Tyrosine Kinase Group.
• 1.3.2 TKL (Tyrosine Kinase-Like) Group.
• 1.3.3 STE Group.
• 1.3.4 CSNK1 Group.
• 1.3.5 AGC group.
• 1.3.6 CAMK Group.
• 1.3.7 CMGC Group.
• 1.3.8 RGC Group.
• 1.3.9 Others.
• 1.3.10 Atypical Protein Kinases.
• 1.3.11 Non-Protein Kinases.
• 1.4 Strategic Considerations for Selecting Kinases as Drug Targets.
• 1.5 Comparison of Kinase Inhibitor Therapeutic Strategies.
• 1.5.1 Small molecule vs. antibody-directed therapies.
• 1.5.2 Alternative strategies for kinase inhibition.

2 Protein Kinase Structure, Function And Regulation.

• 2.1 Ligand Binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.
• 2.1.1 EGF:EGF Receptor Interactions.
• 2.1.2 Insulin:Insulin Receptor and IGF1:IGF1R.
• 2.1.3 FGF:FGF Receptor (heparin/heparan sulphate) Interactions.
• 2.1.4 VEGF:VEGF Receptor Interactions.
• 2.1.5 Angiopoietin2:TIE2 Receptor Interactions.
• 2.1.6 Ephrin:EPH Receptor Interactions.
• 2.1.7 The Role of Transmembrane Domains.
• 2.2 Protein Kinase Domain Structure and Function.
• 2.3 Catalytic Activity of Protein Kinases.
• 2.3.1 Steady State Kinetics.
• 2.3.2 Chemistry of Protein Kinase Catalysis.
• 2.4 Protein Kinase Regulation.
• 2.4.1 Regulation via activation segment phosphorylation.
• 2.4.2 Regulation by N-terminal Sequences and Domains.
• 2.4.3 C-terminal Regulatory Regions.
• 2.4.4 Regulation by other domains and partner proteins.

3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.

• 3.1 EGF/ERBB Receptors.
• 3.1.1 ERBB Receptors and Cancer.
• 3.2 Insulin/IGF Receptors.
• 3.2.1 Insulin/IGF Receptors and Cancer.
• 3.3 Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK).
• 3.3.1 ALK and Cancer.
• 3.4 VEGF receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3).
• 3.5 PDGF Receptors.
• 3.5.1 PDGF Receptors and Cancer.
• 3.6 FGF Receptors.
• 3.6.1 FGF Receptors and Cancer.
• 3.7 KIT.
• 3.7.1 KIT and Cancer.
• 3.8 FLT3.
• 3.8.1 FLT3 and Cancer.
• 3.9 RET.
• 3.9.1 RET and Thyroid Carcinoma.
• 3.10 MET (HGF receptor) and RON (MSP receptor).
• 3.10.1 MET.
• 3.10.2 RON.

4 Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.

• 4.1 ABL.
• 4.2 ARG.
• 4.3 SRC and SRC family kinases.
• 4.3.1 SRC.
• 4.3.2 Cellular Roles of SRC.
• 4.3.3 SRC and Cancer.
• 4.4 FAK.
• 4.4.1 FAK and Cancer.
• 4.5 JAK2.
• 4.5.1 Activation and known mutations and fusions of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases.
• 4.5.2 Further roles of JAK2 in tumor growth.

5 Intracellular Signal Transduction Cascades.

• 5.1 The PI3K/PTEN Pathway.
• 5.1.1 PI-3 kinase.
• 5.1.2 PDK1.
• 5.1.3 AKT.
• 5.1.4 Other AGC kinases.
• 5.1.5 PI3K Pathway Activation in Cancer.
• 5.2 mTOR Signaling.
• 5.2.1 mTOR.
• 5.2.2 p70S6 Kinase.
• 5.2.3 mTOR Pathway Activation in Cancer.
• 5.3 MAPK signaling pathways.
• 5.3.1 ERK/MAPK signaling.
• 5.3.2 RAF family kinases.
• 5.3.2 MEK and ERK kinases.
• 5.3.3 ERK/MAPK Pathway Activation in Cancer.
• 5.4 PIM kinases.
• 5.5 Protein Kinase C.
• 5.5.1 PKC Activation.
• 5.5.2 Classical PKCs.
• 5.5.3 Novel PKCs.
• 5.5.4 Atypical PKCs.

6 Cell Cycle Control.

• 6.1 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) and Cell Cycle Progression.
• 6.1.1 Introduction.
• 6.1.2 CDK4 and CDK6.
• 6.1.3 CDK2.
• 6.1.4 CDK3.
• 6.1.5 CDK1.
• 6.1.6 CDK10.
• 6.1.7 CCRK/ CDCH/ p42.
• 6.2 CDKs and mRNA Production.
• 6.2.1 Introduction.
• 6.2.2 CDK7.
• 6.2.3 CDK8.
• 6.2.4 CDK9.
• 6.2.5 CDK11.
• 6.2.6 CDK12 (CDC2-related kinase CRKRS).
• 6.2.7 CDK13 (CDC2L5).
• 6.3 Other CDK-related kinases.
• 6.3.1 CDK5.
• 6.3.2 GAK.
• 6.4 Mitotic Kinases.
• 6.4.1 Polo-like kinases.
• 6.4.2 Aurora Kinases.
• 6.5 Cell Cycle Checkpoint Kinases.
• 6.5.1 ATM, ATR and DNAPK.
• 6.5.2 CHK1, CHK2 and MAPKAPK2.

7 Structural Biochemistry of Kinase Inhibitors.

• 7.1 Strategies for Inhibitor Design.
• 7.1.1 Targeting the Active vs. Inactive Form.
• 7.1.2 ATP-competitive vs. Noncompetitive Inhibitors.
• 7.1.3 Specific vs. Multi-targeted Inhibitors.
• 7.2 Architecture of the ATP-binding site: DFG-in.
• 7.3 Case Study: Inhibitors of CHK1 Kinase.
• 7.4 Case Study: Inhibitors of CDK2 Kinase.
• 7.5 Case Study: Inhibitors of SRC Family Kinases.
• 7.6 Case Study: EGF Receptor Inhibitors.
• 7.7 Targeting the inactive conformation.
• 7.7.1 Binding mode of imatinib.
• 7.7.2 Binding of BAY-43-9006 (sorafenib) to the inactive B-RAF kinase.
• 7.8 Noncompetitive inhibition.
• 7.9 Kinase inhibitor specificity.

8 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.

• 8.1 BCR-ABL Inhibitors.
• 8.2 SRC inhibitors.
• 8.3 JAK2 inhibitors.
• 8.4 EGFR/ERBB Inhibitors.
• 8.4.1 Determinants of response and resistance to ERBB inhibitors.
• 8.5 IGFR inhibitors.
• 8.6 FLT3 inhibitors.
• 8.7 KIT inhibitors.
• 8.8 MET/RON Inhibitors.
• 8.9 RET Inhibitors.
• 8.10 Other Inhibitors.
• 8.10.1 Focal Adhesion Kinase.
• 8.10.2 TGF? Receptor.

9 Angiokinase Inhibitors.

• 9.1 Introduction.
• 9.2 Angiokinase inhibitors.

10 Intracellular Signaling Kinase Inhibitors.

• 10.1 mTOR Inhibitors.
• 10.1.1 Clinical Pharmacodynamics and Tolerability of mTOR Inhibitors.
• 10.2 PI-3 Kinase Inhibitors.
• 10.3 RAF Kinase Inhibitors.
• 10.4 MEK Inhibitors.
• 10.5 CDK Inhibitors.
• 10.6 Cell Cycle Checkpoint Kinase Inhibitors.
• 10.7 Mitotic Kinase Inhibitors.
• 10.7.1 PLK (Polo-like Kinase) Inhibitors.
• 10.7.2 Aurora Kinase Inhibitors.
• 10.8 Protein Kinase C Inhibitors.

11 Current Challenges and Future Directions.

• 11.1 Kinase Inhibitor Drug Resistance.
• 11.1.1 Efflux Pumps and Drug Transporters.
• 11.1.2 Other DMPK factors.
• 11.1.3 Target Mutation.
• 11.1.4 Target Overexpression and Activation.
• 11.1.5 Downstream Pathway Activation.
• 11.1.6 Redundant Receptors/Pathways.
• 11.2 Combination Therapy with Kinase Inhibitors.
• 11.2.1 Angiogenesis inhibitors and chemotherapy.
• 11.2.2 Survival pathway inhibitors and chemotherapy/targeted therapy.
• 11.2.3 DNA damage checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy.
• 11.2.4 RTK switching: Targeting receptor redundancy.
• 11.3 Systems Biology and Translational Medicine.
• 11.3.1 Classification of tumors and prediction of response: Expression profiling.
• 11.3.2 Phosphoprotein analysis, Kinomics and Systems-based Approaches.
• 11.3.3 Translational Medicine.
• 11.4 Conclusions.