Immunology. Mucosal and Body Surface Defences (Softcover)

Description

The vast majority of medically important pathogens infect their host across a body surface such as the skin, or across a mucosal tissue such as the respiratory tract or intestines, as these sites are the ones exposed to the external environment. By focusing on immunity at mucosal and body surfaces this book presents a fresh, new approach to the teaching of immunology.

After an introduction to the basic structure of the immune system, the book looks at two important families of signalling molecules: cytokines and chemokines, before covering the workings of the mucosal immune system. It continues by examining immunity against the four major groups of pathogens - viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, and concludes by looking at disorders of the immune system, mucosal tumour immunology and the process of vaccination.

• A fresh, new approach to the subject focusing on mucosal and body surfaces.
• Describes the mucosal immune systems of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts, as well as the skin.
• Details the important roles of cytokines and chemokines in an immune response.
• Separate chapters devoted to immunity against viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.
• Includes chapter summaries, boxes with topics of special interest and an extensive glossary.
• Clearly written and well- illustrated in full colour throughout.

Students across a range of disciplines, including biology, biochemistry, biomedicine, medicine and veterinary sciences, will find this book invaluable, both as an introduction to basic immunology and as a guide to mucosal immune defence mechanisms.

Features

• Covers the basic aspects of immunology with a particular focus on the mucosa, the largest immune organ in the body. The main site of pathogen entry is through mucosal tissues yet this very important area of immunology has never been covered fully in any other text.
• Provides a step-by-step explanation of how the immune system clears pathogens from the host from the moment the pathogen enters the host to the moment it is destroyed by the immune system. Other texts concentrate on basic immunology/development of the immune system and therefore neglect the fundamental role of the immune system, which is to fight infections.
• Modern, and exciting topics of immunology are detailed throughout each chapter. Most texts fail to enlighten the student about up to date topics that are at the cutting edge of immunology. This book readdresses the balance by providing the reader with the latest information about modern immunology.
• Covers certain topics of modern immunology that other texts have not covered. For example, a chapter devoted to the immunology and biology of ‘mucosal immunity’, ‘cytokines and chemokines’ and ‘homeostasis and immune surveillance’ is included. Although these are vital areas of modern immunology they have received little attention from many standard texts.
• Each chapter contains boxed areas of text containing for example case studies, techniques or recent developments worthy of the public’s attention.
• The book includes an associated website containing a range of support material for lecturers including a complete set of the figures included within the text, and printable lecture handouts.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• List of Standard Cells and Symbols

1. Basic Concepts in Immunology
1. The immune system
2. Tissues and cells of the immune system
3. Activation, regulation and functions of immune responses
4. Innate versus adaptive immunity
5. Primary and secondary immune responses
6. Immune cell development
7. Mast cells and basophilsEosinophils
8. Neutrophils
9. Monocytes and macrophages
10. Dendritic cells
11. Natural killer cells
12. CD4+ T helper cells
13. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
14. B cells
15. γδ T cells
16. Natural killer T cells
17. Anatomy of the immune system
18. Lymph nodes
19. Spleen
20. Summary, 19
2. The Innate Immune System
1. Introduction to the innate immune system
2. Innate immune receptors and cells
3. TLRs and pattern recognition
4. TLR signalling in response to LPS
5. Peptidoglycan and Nods
6. Nod-like receptors recognize PAMPs and DAMPs
7. Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
8. Complement proteins perform several innate immune functions
9. The classical complement pathway
10. The lectin and alternative complement pathways
11. Biological properties of complement cleavage products
12. Opsonization by complement proteins
13. Phagocytosis
14. Fc receptors induce phagocytosis
15. Neutrophil function and the respiratory burst
16. ADCC
17. NK cells recognize missing self
18. Activating adaptive immunity
19. Dendritic cells link innate and adaptive immunity
20. Summary
3. The Adaptive Immune System
1. Introduction to adaptive immunity
2. T cells and B cells recognize foreign antigens
3. Overview of antibody structure
4. Constant region and antibody isotypes
5. B cell receptor (BCR) diversity
6. Genetic recombination of BCR genes
7. Mechanism of VDJ recombination
8. Introducing junctional diversity
9. Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation
10. Immunoglobulin class switching
11. Structure of Fc receptors
12. Fc receptor specificity and affinity
13. Cross-linking of antibody is necessary for Fc receptor signalling
14. Fc receptor immune functions
15. T cell receptor diversification
16. T cells undergo positive and negative selection within the thymus
17. Antigen presentation to T cells
18. MHC class II processing pathway
19. MHC class I processing pathway
20. Activation requires co-stimulation
21. Late co-stimulatory signals
22. Activation of B cell responses
23. CD4+ T helper cell differentiation
24. Activation of CTLs
25. Generation of memory T cells
26. Summary
4. Cytokines
1. Introduction to cytokines
2. Structure of cytokine families
3. IL-1 superfamily
4. IL-6 family
5. IL-10 family
6. Common γ-chain family
7. IL-12 family
8. Interferons
9. TNF ligand superfamily
10. Growth factors
11. Functional classification Th1 versus Th2
12. Th17, immunopathology and regulatory cytokines
13. Cytokine receptor signalling
14. Type I and type II cytokine receptors
15. The JAK/STAT signalling pathway
16. IL-2 signalling through the JAK/STAT pathway
17. The JAK/STAT pathway is also used by IL-6
18. Plasticity in type I cytokine signalling
19. Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)
20. IFN-γ signalling pathway
21. TGF-β and the SMAD signalling pathway
22. Type III cytokine receptors and the TNF receptor family
23. The IKK complex and the activation of NF-κB
24. The IL-1R family of type IV cytokine receptors activate NF-κB
25. Soluble cytokine receptors act as decoy receptors
26. IL-33 and ST2 signal regulation
27. Potential for cytokine therapy
28. Summary
5. Chemokines
1. Introduction
2. Structure and nomenclature of chemokines
3. Chemokine receptors
4. Expression of chemokines and their receptors
5. Chemokines promote extravasation of leukocytes
6. Chemotaxis
7. Chemokine receptor signalling cascade
8. Tissue specific homing
9. Lymphocyte migration to secondary lymphoid tissues
10. Chemokines involved in lymphoid structure formation
11. Chemokines contribute to homeostasis
12. Chemokine receptors on T cell subsets
13. Redundancy in the chemokine/receptor system
14. Chemokines in disease
15. Chemokines as new anti-inflammatory drugs
16. Summary
6. Basic Concepts in Mucosal Immunology
1. Introduction
2. What is a mucosal tissue?
3. Immune defence at mucosal tissue is multi-layered
4. Origins of mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
5. Concept of the common mucosal immune system
6. How do T and B lymphocytes migrate into mucosal tissues?
7. Special features of mucosal epithelium
8. Toll-like receptors and NOD proteins in the mucosa
9. Antigen sampling at mucosal surfaces
10. Mucosal dendritic cells
11. Secretory dimeric IgA at mucosal surfaces
12. Regulation of J-chain and secretory component expression
13. How does the sub-mucosa differ from the epithelium?
14. Organized lymphoid tissue of the mucosa
15. Cytokines in the mucosa
16. Pathogens that enter via mucosal sites
17. Immune diseases of mucosal tissues
18. Summary
7. Immunology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
1. Structure of the gastrointestinal tract
2. Development of the gastrointestinal tract
3. The digestive tract as a mucosal tissue
4. Barrier function
5. Defensins and Trefoil factors
6. Structure of Peyer’s patches
7. Lymphoid follicles and germinal centre formation
8. M cells sample the intestinal lumen
9. Dendritic cells sample the lumen contents
10. Lymphocytes within the epithelium (IELs)
11. γδ T cells in the GALT
12. NKT cells
13. T cells in the lamina propria
14. Maintenance of T cell homeostasis
15. Sub-mucosal B cells and mucosal IgA
16. How IgA is produced at intestinal mucosal sites
17. Cytokines in the gut
18. Chemokines and the homing of lymphocytes to GALT
19. Pathogens and immune diseases
20. Summary
8. Immunology of the Airways
1. The airways as a mucosal tissue
2. Development of the respiratory tract
3. The structure of the respiratory tract
4. Barrier function and the mucociliary elevator
5. Mucins and mucociliary clearance
6. Defensins and antimicrobial peptides
7. Structure of the tonsils and adenoids of the Waldeyer’s Ring
8. Local lymph nodes and immune generation
9. Structure of the NALT
10. Structure of the BALT
11. Cells of the lower respiratory tract
12. Surfactant proteins
• Immune modulation by airway epithelial cells
• Innate immune response
13. Dendritic cells are located throughout the respiratory tract
14. Alveolar macrophages maintain homeostasis
15. NK cells in the lung
16. T cells at effector sites in the lung
17. Memory T cell responses within the lung
18. Migration of circulating T cell into the lung tissue
19. IgA production in the respiratory tract
20. Respiratory diseases and pathogens
21. Summary
9. Immunology of the Urogenital Tract and Conjunctiva
1. The urogenital tract as a MALT
2. Epithelial barrier function
3. Passive immunity
4. Immunoglobulins
5. APCs in genital tract mucosa
6. NK cells and the semi-allogeneic foetus
7. Pre-eclampsia is an immune-mediated disease
8. Maintenance of foetal tolerance
9. T cells and adaptive immunity
10. Sexually transmitted diseases and pelvic inflammatory disease
11. Alloimmunization and autoimmune diseases
12. The foetal and neonatal immune system
13. Immunity in the urinary tract
14. Eye associated lymphoid tissue
15. Conjunctiva associated lymphoid tissue (CALT)
16. Immune privilege of the eye
17. Immune privilege and inflammation
18. Conjunctivitis
19. Summary
10. Immunology of the Skin
1. The skin as an immune tissue
2. Barrier Immune function of the skin
3. Cellular immune system of the skin
4. Keratinocytes can act as immune cells
5. Keratinocytes secrete antimicrobial peptides
6. Langerhan’s cells act as immune sentinels in skin
7. Dermal dendritic cells and cross-presentation of antigen
8. Mast cells and NK cells in the skin
9. Intraepidermal lymphocytes in the skin
10. Lymphocytes in the dermis
11. Skin homing T cells express CLA
12. Chemokines and migration
13. Initiation of an immune response in the skin
14. Cytokines
15. Psoriasis, inflammation and autoreactive T cells
16. Autoimmune-mediated diseases of the skin
17. Systemic diseases that affect the skin
18. Infectious diseases of the skin
19. Summary
11. Immunity to Viruses
1. Introduction
2. Structure of viruses
3. Classification of viruses
4. Viruses replicate within host cells
5. Infections caused by viruses
6. Certain viruses can infect immune cells
7. Virus infection of epithelial cells
8. IFN-α response
9. NK cell response to viruses
10. Viral evasion of NK cell responses
11. Macrophages contribute to virus elimination
12. TLRs and NLRs recognize virus motifs
13. Activation of the inflammasome by viruses
14. Dendritic cells present virus antigens to CD8+ CTLs
15. T cell responses to viruses
16. Evasion of CTL-mediated immunity by viruses
17. Bystander effects of immune responses to viruses
18. Antibody response to viruses
19. Difference between cytopathic and non-cytopathic viruses
20. Immune evasion by antigenic shift and drift
21. Vaccination and therapies against viral infections
22. Summary
12. Immunity to Bacteria
1. Introduction to bacterial immunity
2. Classification of bacteria
3. Structure of the bacterial cell
4. Diseases caused by bacteria
5. Mucosal barriers to bacterial infection
6. Anti-microbial molecules
7. Recognition of bacterial PAMPs by Toll-like receptors
8. Complement and bacterial immunity
9. Neutrophils are central to bacterial immune responses
10. Some bacteria are resistant to phagosome mediated killing
11. NK cells and ADCC
12. The role of antibody in bacterial immunity
13. Dendritic cells and immunity to bacteria
14. Autophagy and intracellular bacteria
15. T Cells contribute to protective immunity
16. The DTH response and granuloma in TB
17. Th17 cells in bacterial immunity
18. Treg cells in bacterial infection
19. Unconventional T cells
20. Vaccination against bacterial diseases
21. Summary
13. Immunity to Fungi
1. Introduction
2. Morphology of fungi
3. Yeasts
4. Moulds
5. Fungal dimorphism
6. Diseases caused by fungi
7. Immune response to fungi
8. Innate immunity
9. Mucosal barriers to fungal infection
10. Anti-fungal molecules
11. Recognition of fungal PAMPs by Toll-like receptors
12. Complement and fungal immunity
13. Dendritic cells link innate and adaptive fungal immunity
14. DCs provide the adaptive immune response with instructive signals
15. Macrophages are important APCs during fungal infection
16. Neutrophils participate in the inflammatory response to fungi
17. NK cells provide inflammatory signals to macrophages
18. Adaptive immunity to fungi
19. The DTH response and granuloma formation inhibit fungal dissemination
20. The role of antibody in fungal resistance
21. Vaccination and immunotherapies
22. Fungal immune evasion strategies
23. Immuno-modulatory fungal products
24. Evasion of phagolysosomal killing
25. Modifying the cytokine response
26. Summary
14. Immunity to Parasites
1. Introduction
2. Protozoa are diverse unicellular eukaryotes
3. Structure of the protozoan cell
4. Life cycle of protozoan parasites
5. The life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei
6. Life cycle of Leishmania species
7. The life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum
8. Helminths are multicellular, macroscopic parasites
9. Structure of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni
10. Life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni
11. Structure of the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides
12. The life cycle of A. lumbricoides
13. Immune responses to parasites
14. Innate immunity to trypanosomes
15. Adaptive immunity to trypanosomes
16. Innate immunity to plasmodium
17. Adaptive immunity to plasmodium
18. Immunity to Leishmania – Th1 versus Th2
19. Immunity to Giardia
20. Immunity to schistosomes
21. Innate immunity to schistosomes
22. Adaptive immunity to schistosomes
23. Granuloma formation in schistosomiasis
24. Immunity to intestinal nematode worms
25. Innate immunity to nematode worms in the gut
26. Adaptive immunity to nematode worms in the gut
27. Immune evasion strategies of parasites
28. Trypanosome variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs)
29. Plasmodium life cycle contributes to immune evasion
30. Leishmania evade phagocytic killing
31. Immune evasion strategies of helminths
32. Summary
15. Disorders of the Immune System
1. Introduction to immune disorders
2. Types of allergy
3. Sensitization and the acute phase response
4. Mast cell degranulation
5. Late phase response
6. Allergic asthma
7. Mast cells and the early phase allergic asthma
8. Epithelial cells can trigger allergic asthma
9. T cells and the late phase of allergic asthma
10. Allergic rhinitis
11. Skin allergy and atopic dermatitis
12. Food allergies
13. T cell subsets in allergy
14. Mechanisms of autoimmune disease
15. Disregulation of tolerance and autoimmunity
16. Inflammatory bowel disease
17. Coeliac disease
18. Systemic lupus erythematosus
19. Other autoimmune diseases
20. Immunodeficiencies
21. Summary
16. Mucosal Tumour Immunology
1. Introduction
2. Transformation into cancer cells
3. Proto-oncogene activation
4. Mutation in the p53 protein
5. Mutant Ras proteins enhance proliferation
6. Aneuploidy and colorectal cancer
7. Tumourigenesis
8. Angiogenesis
9. Metastasis
10. The immune system and cancer
11. Immune surveillance
12. Immunogenicity of tumour cells
13. Recognition of transformed cells
14. Tumour associated antigens
15. Carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer
16. Melanoma differentiation antigens
17. Viral tumour associated antigens
18. Effector molecules during tumour immune surveillance
19. Dendritic cells modulate anti-tumour immune responses
20. Tumour reactive T cells are activated in lymph nodes
21. NK cell recognition – missing self
22. NKG2D receptor on NK cells
23. Macrophages and neutrophils phagocytose tumour cells but support tumour growth
24. Immune cells can augment tumour growth
25. Immune evasion strategies
26. Darwinian selection and tumour cell escape
27. Cytokine environment and tumour escape
28. Tumours have disregulated MHC expression and antigen presentation
29. Tumour escape through Fas/FasL
30. Summary
17. Vaccination
1. Introduction
2. The principles of vaccination
3. Passive immunization
4. Active immunization,
5. Processing of the vaccine for immune recognition
6. Adaptive Immune response following vaccination
7. Vaccine adjuvants
8. Alum
9. Freund’s complete adjuvant
10. Mucosal adjuvants and vaccine delivery
11. Prospects in adjuvant design
12. Th1/Th2 polarization and vaccine development
13. Live-attenuated vaccines
14. Inactivated vaccines
15. Polysaccharide vaccines
16. Peptide vaccines
17. DNA vaccination
18. Immuno-stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs)
19. Dendritic cell vaccines
20. Mucosal administration of vaccines
21. Nasally administered vaccine against genital infections
22. New strategies for vaccine development
23. Summary

• Glossary of Terms
• Index