YEN and JAFFE's Reproductive Endocrinology. Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management

Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Dedication
Video Contents

Part 1. The Fundamentals of Reproduction

1. Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction
Central Control of Reproduction
Neuroendocrinology: The Interface Between Neurobiology and Endocrinology
2. The Gonadotropin Hormones and Their Receptors
Introduction
Gonadotropins
Gonadotropin Receptors
3. Prolactin in Human Reproduction
Introduction
Lactotroph Development
Prolactin Gene
Prolactin Synthesis in Pituitary Lactotrophs
Prolactin Synthesis in the Decidua and Other Tissues
Prolactin Assays
Prolactin Secretion
Regulation of Systemic Prolactin Levels
Prolactin Actions
Pathological States of Prolactin Deficiency and Excess
Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas (Prolactinomas)
Pregnancy and Prolactinomas
4. Steroid Hormones and Other Lipid Molecules Involved in Human Reproduction
Steroid Hormones: Structure and Nomenclature
Organization of Steroidogenic Organs and Cells
Acquisition, Storage, and Trafficking of Cholesterol
Regulation of Cellular Cholesterol Balance
Overview of Steroidogenesis
Other Steroid Hormone Metabolic Pathways
Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolism
Regulation of Expression of the Steroidogenic Machinery
Examples of Extraglandular Steroidogenesis
Steroid Hormone Metabolism in Skin
Secretion, Production, and Metabolic Clearance Rates of Steroid Hormones
Plasma Steroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
Inhibitors of Enzymes Involved in Synthesis or Metabolism of Sex Steroids
Eicosanoids: Other Bioactive Lipids Playing a Role in Reproduction
Major Products of the COX Pathway: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Prostacyclin
Major Products of the Lipoxygenase Pathway: The Leukotrienes and HETEs
Transport and Metabolism of Eicosanoids
Pharmacologic Regulation of Eicosanoid Synthesis
Eicosanoid Receptors
Eicosanoids and Reproduction
Other Lipid Mediators: Lysophosphatidic Acid and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate
5. Steroid Hormone Action
Steroid Hormone Receptors Act as Ligand-Dependent Transcription Activators or Repressors
Steroid Hormone Receptor Structure and the Evolution of Specificity
Steroid Hormone Receptor Function
General Factors That Influence Steroid Hormone Action
Nongenomic Actions of Steroids
Summary
6. Growth Factors and Reproduction
Ovary Development
Formation of the Reproductive Tracts
Growth Factors in Uterine Biology
Growth Factor Pathways in Male Reproduction
Conclusion
7. Neuroendocrine Control of the Menstrual Cycle
The Reproductive Axis
Neuroendocrine Components of the Reproductive Axis
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones
Gonadotropin-Producing Cells of the Pituitary
Ovarian Feedback on the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
The Normal Menstrual Cycle
8. The Ovarian Life Cycle
Introduction
Primordial Germ Cells
Ovarian Morphogenesis
Epigenetic Programming and Germ Cell Development
The Follicle and Its Surroundings
Ovarian Stem Cells
Follicular Life Cycle
Ovarian Aging and Insufficiency
Assessment of Ovarian Reserve and Prediction of Reproductive Age
Endocrine Activity of the Postmenopausal Ovary
9. Meiosis, Fertilization, and Preimplantation Embryo Development
Introduction
Meiosis Overview
Meiotic Initiation
Prophase I
Oocyte Growth Phase
Oocyte Meiotic Maturation
Sperm Transport
Sperm Capacitation
Fertilization
Egg Activation
Cleavage Stage Development
Compaction and Blastocyst Development
10. Structure, Function, and Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract
Structure and Function
Menstrual Cycle
Endometrium in the Cycle of Conception and Pregnancy
Endometrial Microbiome
Clinical Evaluation of the Endometrium
Endometrium in Advancing Age
11. Endocrinology of Human Pregnancy and Fetal-Placental Neuroendocrine Development
Introduction
Establishment of Pregnancy
The Placenta as an Endocrine Organ
Fetal Neuroendocrine Systems
Fetal Maturation and the Timing of Parturition
Uterine Stretch
Evolutionary Perspective
12. The Breast
Introduction
Estradiol and Testosterone: Dueling Steroids
Gynecomastia
Breastfeeding And Amenorrhea
The Effect of Steroid Contraceptives on Lactation and Breastfeeding
Suppression of Lactation
Induction of Lactation
Breastfeeding Reduces the Risk of Endometriosis
Breastfeeding Reduces the Risk of Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer
Breastfeeding Reduces the risk of Developing Diabetes or Cardiovascular Disease
Galactorrhea
Hormonal Control of Breast Density
Breast Cancer
Cyclical Mastalgia
13. The Hypothalamo-Pituitary Unit, Testis, and Male Accessory Organs
Physiology of the Male Gonadal Axis
Testicular Steroidogenesis
Sex-Steroid Receptors and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin
Physiology of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Testicular Network
The Testis
Accessory Organs
Spermatogenesis
Regulation of Male Fertility
Decremental Changes in GnRH-LH-Te Axis in Aging
14. Menopause and Aging
Epidemiology
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Menopausal Transition (Perimenopause)
Effects on Various Organ Systems
Breast Cancer
Decision to Use Estrogen
Endometrial Disease Risk and Other Cancers
Hormone Regimens
Aging
15. Male Reproductive Aging
Changes in Male Reproductive Function with Age
Consequences of Decreased Serum Testosterone Concentrations
Attempts to Reverse the Consequences of Aging by Testosterone Treatment
Conclusion
16. Immunology and Reproduction
Introduction
Basic Immune Principles
Alloimmunity and Reproduction
Autoimmunity and Reproduction
Conclusions

Part 2. Pathophysiology and Therapy: Pediatric, Adolescent, and Adult

17. Differences of Sex Development
Introduction
Mechanisms of Human Sex Development
Sex Chromosome DSD
46,XY Differences of Sex Development
46,XX Disorders of Sex Development
General Management for Patients With Differences of Sex Development
18. Puberty: Gonadarche and Adrenarche
Introduction
Stages of Pubertal Development, Secular Trends, and Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Onset and Tempo of Puberty
Physiology of Puberty
Neurobiology of Gonadarche
Putative Physiological Control Systems Governing the Timing of Gonadarche
Activation and Timing of Adrenarche
Genetics and Puberty Genes
Factors Modulating the Timing of Puberty
Disorders of Puberty
Disorders of Early Puberty
Approach to the Child With Precocious Pubertal Development
Delayed Puberty
Constitutional Delay in Growth and Puberty
Hypothalamic Hypogonadism
Mutations in Genes Influencing Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Development and Migration
Mutations in Genes Associated With Hypothalamic Hypogonadism and Neurologic Phenotypes
Mutations in Genes Influencing Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Function
Other Factors
Other Syndromes Associated With Delayed Puberty
Pituitary-Dependent (Pituitary Hypogonadism)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Receptor Gene Mutations
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-β Gene Mutations
Luteinizing Hormone-β Gene Mutations
Immunoglobulin Superfamily Member 1
Steroid Receptor Ribonucleic Acid Activator
Hyperprolactinemia
Gonadal Causes of Delayed Puberty (Primary Gonadal Failure)
Klinefelter Syndrome
Testicular Regression Syndrome
Autoimmune Ovarian Insufficiency
Nonimmune Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Noonan Syndrome
Galactosemia
Down Syndrome
Defects in Steroidogenesis or Steroid Hormone Action
Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome
Gynecomastia
Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy
Approach to the Child With Delayed Puberty
Psychosocial Considerations for Precocious and Delayed Puberty
Conclusion
19. Nutrition and Reproduction
Introduction
Nutrition, Body Weight, and Puberty
How Does Fat Signal the HPO Axis?
How Does Body Weight Modify Puberty and Adult Reproduction?
The Effects of Simple Obesity in Boys
Adult Obesity and Reproduction
Obesity and Preeclampsia
The relative hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obesity
Men
Impact of Weight Loss and Bariatric Surgery on Reproductive Function
Nutrition in the Young Oncology Patient
Summary
Conclusions
20. Environmental Factors and Reproduction
Introduction: Reproductive Health and the Environment
Definition
Reproductive Health Professional Society Engagement on Environmental Health
Key Scientific Concepts
Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals
Mechanisms
Reproductive Health Outcomes Linked to Environmental Chemical Exposures
Evidence-Based Decision Making in Environmental Health
Clinical Management
Healthcare System and Public Policy Solutions
Conclusion
21. Physiological and Pathophysiological Alterations of the Neuroendocrine Components of the Reproductive Axis
Hypothalamic Dysfunction
22. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hyperandrogenic States
Introduction
Diagnostic Criteria
Epidemiology
Clinical Description
Fetal Origin of PCOS
PCOS in Adolescence
Altered Physiology
Genetics of PCOS
Long-Term Consequences
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation
Treatment
23. Female Infertility
A Statistical Model of Infertility
Diseases Associated with Infertility
Initial Infertility Evaluation
Abnormalities in Oocyte Production
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Anatomical Factors in the Female
Immunological Factors and Recurrent Abortion
Genetic Causes of Infertility
Unexplained Infertility
Environmental Exposures Associated with Infertility
Contraindications to Infertility Treatment
Infertility Treatment and Pregnancy Outcomes
Donor Gametes
Adoption
Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility
Social and Ethical Issues
24. Male Infertility
Introduction
Significance of Male Infertility
Evaluation of Male Infertility
Further Investigations and Complete Evaluation
Conclusion
25. Endocrine Disturbances Affecting Reproduction
Pituitary Disorders
Pituitary Disorders that Affect Reproduction
Adrenal Disorders
Adrenal Disorders that Affect Reproduction
Thyroid Disorders
Thyroid Disorders that Affect Reproduction
26. Benign Uterine Diseases and Dysfunction
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Uterine Leiomyomata (Fibroids)
Adenomyosis
Endometrial Polyps
Intrauterine Adhesions
Pain with Menstruation (Dysmenorrhea)
27. Endometriosis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathology
Mechanism
Clinical Aspects
28. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Introduction
Evaluation and Management
Genetic Factors
Uterine Factors
Immunologic Factors
Thrombophilia and Fibrinolytic Factors
Endocrinology and Metabolic Factors
Lifestyle Factors
Male Factor
Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Future Pregnancy Prognosis
Conclusion
29. Endocrine Diseases of Pregnancy
Diabetes Mellitus
Obesity and Pregnancy
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases
Disorders of Thyroid Function
Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
Adrenal Diseases
Ovarian Endocrine Tumors
Preeclampsia
Parturition
30. Hormone-Responsive Cancers
Breast Cancer
Endocrine Treatments
Chemotherapy Treatment in HR-Positive Breast Cancers
Prostate Cancer
Clinical Therapies in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Disease
Mechanisms of Endocrine Therapy Resistance
Endometrial Carcinoma
31. Transgender Hormonal Treatment
Introduction

Part 3. Reproductive Technologies

32. Evaluation of Hormonal Status
Introduction
Hormone Assays
Measurement of Specific Reproductive Protein and Peptide Hormones and Steroid Hormones
Measurement of Antimüllerian Hormone
Measurement of Inhibins
Assessment of Ovarian Reserve
Measurement of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Assessment of Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Activity, and Adipose Mass
Assessment of Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Activity
Measurement of Adipose Hormones
Evaluation of Fat Quantity and Distribution
Measurement of Growth Hormone and Growth Factors
Measurement of Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Bone Markers
Measurement and Blood Levels of Thyroid Hormones
Evaluation of Glucocorticoid Adrenal Function
Evaluation of Mineralcorticoid Adrenal Function
Evaluation of Catecholamine Secretion
Diagnostic Procedure in Suspected Pituitary Tumors
Pelvic Evaluation
33. Pelvic Imaging in Reproductive Endocrinology
Ultrasound Examination Technique
Palm-Coein
Postmenopausal Bleeding
Müllerian Anomalies
Ovarian Assessment
Assessment of Fallopian Tube Patency
Evaluation of Deeply Invasive Endometriosis
Early Pregnancy
Conclusion
34. Medical Approaches to Ovarian Stimulation for Infertility
Concepts of Ovarian Stimulation
Classification of Anovulation
Concepts of Follicle Development Relevant to Ovarian Stimulation
Preparations Used for Ovarian Stimulation
Other Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMS)
Aromatase Inhibitors
Outcomes of Ovarian Stimulation
Induction of Ovulation in Anovulatory Women
Preparations for Treating Anovulation
Antiestrogens
Side effects
Acupuncture
Ovarian Stimulation in the Empirical Treatment of Unexplained Subfertility (See Chapter 23)
Preparations for Empirical Ovarian Stimulation
Alternative and Adjunctive Therapies
Effect of Weight Loss on Women with Obesity and Unexplained Infertility
Health Economics of Ovarian Stimulation
Conclusions and Future Perspective
35. Assisted Reproduction: Clinical Practice
Introduction
A Brief History of Art
Pre-IVF Evaluation
Indications For IVF
Overview of IVF Statistics
Patient Counseling for IVF
Ovarian Stimulation
Cycle Monitoring in Fresh IVF Cycles
Oocyte Retrieval
Indications for In Vitro Oocyte Maturation
Indications for ICSI
Embryo Transfer
Embryo Cryopreservation and FET
Repeat IVF Cycles
Recurrent Implantation Failure
Third-Party Reproduction
IVF Risks and Their Management
Obstetric, Neonatal, and Childhood Outcomes Following IVF
Paternal Contributions to IVF Outcomes
Environmental Exposures and Lifestyle Factors in ART
Concluding Remarks
36. Gamete and Embryo Manipulation
Laboratory Environment
Procedures
Cryopreservation of Human Oocyte, Embryo, Ovarian Tissue, and Sperm
37. Fertility Preservation
Introduction
Fertility Preservation in Nononcologic and Oncologic Conditions
Fertility Preservation Strategies
Translational Approaches in Fertility Preservation
Oncofertility Patient Management
Summary and Future Outlook
38. Emerging Technologies: In Vitro-Derived Germ Cells and Gametogenesis
Introduction
Spermatogonial Stem Cell Culture
Testicular Tissue Organ Culture
In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes
In Vitro Follicle Maturation: Primordial Follicles to Antral Follicles
Emerging Technologies in in Vitro Oocyte Maturation Following in Vitro Follicle Growth
In Vitro Production of PGCLc, Oocyte, and Sperm from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
In Vitro Gonadal Somatic Cells
Conclusion
39. Emerging Technologies: Genetic Interventions in the Human Germ Line: Mitochondrial Replacement and Gene Editing
Introduction
Mitochondrial Replacement
Gene Editing in Human Embryos and the Germ Line
Conclusions
Summary
40. Emerging Technologies: Uterus Transplantation
Introduction
Indication for UTx
Preclinical and Clinical Research
Living Versus Deceased Donor in Uterus Transplant
Preoperative Considerations
Surgical Technique
Approach to Vascular Anastomoses in UTx
Surgical and Psychological Outcomes in Living Donors and Recipients
Immunosuppression and Rejection
Achieving Pregnancy in UTx
Reproductive, Antenatal, and Fetal Outcomes Following UTx
Ethical Considerations in UTx
Developing Alternative Treatments for UFI
41. Contraception
Introduction
Contraceptive Effectiveness Versus Efficacy
Intrauterine Contraception
Contraceptive Implant
Injectable Contraception
Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills
Progestin-Only Oral Contraceptive Pills
Transdermal Contraceptive Patches
Contraceptive Vaginal Rings
Postcoital Contraception
Male Hormonal Contraception
Pericoital Contraception
Female and Male Permanent Contraception
Contraception and Malignancy
Contraception for Special Populations
Index

For over 40 years, Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology has been the gold standard text of both basic science and clinical practice of the full range of female and male reproductive disorders. The fully revised 9th Edition continues this tradition of excellence with complete coverage, including up-to-date information on impaired fertility, infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, problems of sexual development, menstrual disturbances, fibroids, endometriosis, female and male reproductive aging, fertility preservation, assisted reproduction technologies including ovarian stimulation and ovulation induction, transgender hormonal treatment, contraception, and more. An outstanding editorial board and other global experts in the field share their knowledge and expertise to keep you abreast of current science and practice in endocrinology.

 

 

About the editors

 

Jerome Strauss

Affiliations and expertise
Executive Vice President for Medical Affairs, VCU Health System; Dean, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia

 

Robert Barbieri

Affiliations and expertise
Kate Macy Ladd Professor, Department of of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts