Eye, Retina, and Visual System of the Mouse

Description

Recent years have seen a burst of studies on the mouse eye and visual system, fueled in large part by the relatively recent ability to produce mice with precisely defined changes in gene sequence. Mouse models have contributed to a wide range of scientific breakthroughs for a number of ocular and neurological diseases and have allowed researchers to address fundamental issues that were difficult to approach with other experimental models. This comprehensive guide to current research captures the first wave of studies in the field, with fifty-nine chapters by leading scholars that demonstrate the usefulness of mouse models as a bridge between experimental and clinical research.

The opening chapters introduce the mouse as a species and research model, discussing such topics as the mouse's evolutionary history and the mammalian visual system. Subsequent sections explore more specialized subjects, considering optics, psychophysics, and the visual behaviors of mice; the organization of the adult mouse eye and central visual system; the development of the mouse eye (including comparisons to human development); the development and plasticity of retinal projections and visuotopic maps; mouse models for human eye disease (including glaucoma and cataracts); and the application of advanced genomic technologies (including gene therapy and genetic knockouts) to the mouse visual system. Readers of this reference will see that the study of mouse models has already demonstrated real translational prowess in vision research.

About the Editors

Leo M. Chalupa is Vice President for Research at George Washington University. He is the coeditor of The Visual Neurosciences (MIT Press, 2003).

Robert W. Williams is Professor in the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and the Dunavant Chair of Developmental Genetics in Pediatrics and the University of Tennessee. He is codirector of the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center and founding director of the Complex Trait Consortium.

Reviews

"This timely book provides an outstanding resource for both beginners and experts.... Of particular note is the book's final section on advanced techniques, which is filled with practical 'how-to' advice. Be warned: your colleagues down the hall will borrow this book shamelessly. My copy went missing more than once." —Markus Meister, The Quarterly Review of Biology

Table of Contents

I INTRODUCTION TO THE MOUSE AS A SPECIES 1

1 Evolutionary History of the Genus Mus
Priscilla K. Tucker 3

2 Visual and Other Sensory Abilities of Mice and Their Influence on Behavioral Measures of Cognitive Function
Aimée A. Wong and Richard E. Brown 13

3 Comparative Survey of the Mammalian Visual System with Reference to the Mouse
Catherine A. Leamey, Dario A. Protti and Bogdan Dreher 35

4 Survey of the Research Opportunities Afforded by Genetic Variation in the Mouse Visual System
Lawrence H. Pinto and John B. Troy 61

II OPTICS, PSYCHOPHYSICS, AND VISUAL BEHAVIORS OF MICE 71

5 The Mouse as a Model for Myopia, and Optics of Its Eye
Frank Schaeffel 73

6 Characteristics and Applications of Mouse Eye Movements
John S. Stahl 87

7 Measuring Vision in the Awake Behaving Mouse
Glen T. Prusky and Robert M. Douglas 107

8 Electroretinographic Correlates of Normal and Abnormal Retinal Ganglion Cell Activity
Vittorio Porciatti 119

III ORGANIZATION OF THE ADULT MOUSE EYE AND CENTRAL VISUAL SYSTEM 127

9 Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Trabecular Meshwork
Ernst R. Tamm and Antonia Kellenberger 129

10 Recent Advances in the Investigation of Mouse Cone Photoreceptors
Arkady Lyubarsky, Sergei S. Nikonov, Lauren L. Daniele and Edward N. Pugh, Jr. 135

11 Mosaic Architecture of the Mouse Retina
Benjamin E. Reese 147

12 Synaptic Organization of the Mouse Retina
Enrica Strettoi 157

13 Distribution and Functional Roles of Neuronal Gap Junctions in the Mouse Retina
Stewart A. Bloomfield and Béla Völgyi 165

14 Neurotransmission in the Mouse Retina
Maureen A. McCall, Neal S. Peachey and Ronald G. Gregg 175

15 Morphological, Functional, and Developmental Properties of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells
Julie L. Coombs and Leo M. Chalupa 189

16 The Lamina Cribrosa Region and Optic Nerve of the Mouse
Christian-Albrecht May 201

17 Photoentrainment of the Circadian Oscillator
Satchidananda Panda 207

18 Physiology of the Mouse Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Matthew S. Grubb 219

19 Superior Colliculus and Saccade Generation in Mice
Tomoya Sakatani and Tadashi Isa 233

20 Interconnections of Visual Cortical Areas in the Mouse
Andreas Burkhalter and Quanxin Wang 245

IV DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOUSE EYE 255

21 Chronology of Development of the Mouse Visual System
Comparisons with Human Development
Barbara L. Finlay and Barbara Clancy 257

22 Developmental Studies of the Mouse Lens
Past, Present, and Future
Michael L. Robinson 267

23 Development of the Retinal Vasculature and the Effects of High Oxygen (Retinopathy of Prematurity)
Michael R. Powers 285

24 Specification, Histogenesis, and Photoreceptor Development in the Mouse Retina
Deepak Lamba, Branden Nelson, Mike O. Karl and Thomas A. Reh 299

25 Rb and the Control of Retinal Development
Michael A. Dyer 311

26 Gene Regulatory Networks and Retinal Ganglion Cell Development
Xiuqian Mu and William H. Klein 321

27 Cell Death in the Mouse Retina
Lucia Galli-Resta and Maria Cristina Cenni 333

28 The Function of the Retina prior to Vision
The Phenomenon of Retinal Waves and Retinotopic Refinement
Marla B. Feller and Aaron G. Blankenship 343

29 ON and OFF Pathways in the Mouse Retina and the Role of Stimulation
Ning Tian 353

30 Retinoic Acid Function in Central Visual Pathways
Tuanlian Luo and Elisabeth Wagner; Assisted by Ursula C. Dräger 363

V DEVELOPMENT AND PLASTICITY OF RETINAL PROJECTIONS AND VISUOTOPIC MAPS 377

31 Intraretinal Axon Guidance
Lynda Erskine and Hannah Thompson 379

32 Early Development of the Optic Stalk, Chiasm, and Astrocytes
Timothy J. Petros and Carol A. Mason 389

33 Axon Growth and Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Jeffrey L. Goldberg 401

34 Development of the Retinogeniculate Pathway
William Guido 415

35 Developmental Synaptic Remodeling
Insights from the Mouse Retinogeniculate Synapse
Chinfei Chen 429

36 Ocular Dominance Plasticity
Mark Hübener, Sonja B. Hofer and Thomas D. Mrsic-Flogel 439

37 Environmental Enrichment and Visual System Plasticity
Alessandro Sale, Nicoletta Berardi and Lamberto Maffei 449

38 Bidirectional Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Primary Visual Cortex
Mikhail Y. Frenkel and Mark F. Bear 465

VI MOUSE MODELS OF HUMAN EYE DISEASE 477

39 Mouse Models
A Key System in Revolutionizing the Understanding of Glaucoma
Gareth R. Howell, Jeffrey K. Marchant and Simon W. M. John
Sample Chapter - Download PDF (1.13 MB) 479

40 Cataract Genetics
Jochen Graw 493

41 Mouse Models of Infectious Eye Diseases
Linda D. Hazlett 505

42 Mouse Models of Autoimmune and Immune-Mediated Uveitis
Rachel R. Caspi 513

43 Mouse Models of Norrie Disease
Wolfgang Berger 527

44 The Lipofuscin of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Learning from Mouse Models of Retinal Disease
Janet R. Sparrow, So R. Kim, Young P. Jang and Jilin Zhou 539

45 Studies of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Mice
Rose A. Gubitosi-Klug and Timothy S. Kern 547

46 Roles of Oxygen in the Stability of Photoreceptors
Evidence from Mouse and Other Models of Human Disease
Jonathan Stone and Krisztina Valter 559

47 Complex Genetics of Photoreceptor Light Damage
Michael Dangiger 573

48 Age-Related Eye Diseases
Bo Chang 581

VII ADVANCED GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES APPLICATIONS TO THE MOUSE VISUAL SYSTEM 591

49 New Genetic Technologies for Studying the Morphology, Physiology, and Development of Mouse Retinal Neurons
Tudor C. Badea and Jeremy Nathans 593

50 Adenoassociated Virus Gene Therapy in Mouse Models of Retinal Degeneration
Shannon E. Boye, Sanford L. Boye and William W. Hausworth 605

51 Delivery of Plasmids into the Visual System Using Electroporation
Takahiko Matsuda and Constance L. Cepko 621

52 Genetic Knockouts in Ophthalmic Research and Drug Discovery
Dennis S. Rice 635

53 Beyond Positional Cloning of Single Gene Mutations
Use of Mouse Models to Examine Allelic Variance and to Identify Genetic Modifiers
Patsy M. Nishina and Juergen K. Naggert 649

54 The Mouse Eye Transcriptome
Cellular Signatures, Molecular Networks, and Candidate Genes for Human Disease
Eldon E. Geisert and Robert W. Williams 659

55 Mouse Models, Microarrays, and Genetic Networks in Retinal Development and Degenerative Disease
Sunil K. Parapuram and Anand Swaroop 675

56 Retinal Vascular and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Gene Expression
Michael I. Dorrell and Martin Friedlander 685

57 Gene Expression in Cornea and Lens
Shivalingappa K. Swamynathan and Joram Piatigorsky 697

58 Proteomics of the Mouse Lens
Wolfgang Hoehenwarter and Peter R. Jungblut 711

59 Genetic and Proteomic Analyses of the Mouse Visual Cycle
John C. Saari and John W. Crabb 721

Contributors