Jaspers's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies

About this Book

• Encyclopedic coverage.
• In depth discussions of leading research hypotheses and strategic approaches
• Indispensable for students and all research scientists in the field of epilepsy research and now of practical importance to the clinic.
• Maps out new research directions for the next decade

H.H. Jasper, A.A. Ward, A. Pope and H.H. Merritt, chair of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on the Epilepsies, National Institutes of Health, published the first volume on Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies (BME) in 1969. Their ultimate goal was to search for a "better understanding of the epilepsies and seek more rational methods of their prevention and treatment." Since then, basic and clinical researchers in epilepsy have gathered together every decade and a half with these goals in mind -- assessing where epilepsy research has been, what it has accomplished, and where it should go. In 1999, the third volume of BME was named in honor of H.H. Jasper. In line with the enormous expansion in the understanding of basic epilepsy mechanisms over the past four decades, this fourth edition of Jasper's BME is the most ambitious yet. In 90 chapters, the book considers the role of interactions between neurons, synapses, and glia in the initiation, spread and arrest of seizures. It examines mechanisms of excitability, synchronization, seizure susceptibility, and ultimately epileptogenesis. It provides a framework for expanding the epilepsy genome and understanding the complex heredity responsible for common epilepsies as it explores disease mechanisms of ion channelopathies and developmental epilepsy genes. It considers the mechanisms of conditions of epilepsy comorbidities. And, for the first time, this 4th edition describes the current efforts to translate the discoveries in epilepsy disease mechanisms into new therapeutic strategies. This book, considered the 'bible' of basic epilepsy research, is essential for the student, the clinician scientist and all research scientists who conduct laboratory-based experimental epilepsy research using cellular, brain slice and animal models, as well as for those interested in related disciplines of neuronal oscillations, network plasticity, and signaling in brain strucutres that include the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. In keeping with the 1969 goals, the book is now of practical importance to the clinical neurologist and epileptologist as the progress of research in molecular genetics and modern efforts to design antiepileptic drugs, cures and repairs in the epilepsies converge and impact clinical care.

Readership: This book is now formatted to be used as a course textbook. It may be also used as supplementary reading for graduate courses in neuroscience and neurology that focus on the pathophysiology of neurological disease. Most clinical epileptologists and epilepsy research investigators at will likely purchase a laboratory copy.

Table of Contents

Section 1 Introduction

• 1. The next decade of research in the basic mechanisms of the epilepsies
• 2. Herbert H. Jasper and the basic mechanisms of the epilepsies
  Massimo Avoli
• 3. Why - and how - do we approach basic epilepsy research

Section II: Fundamentals of neuronal excitability relevant to seizures and epilepsy

• 4. Voltage-gated Na+ Channels: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology
  Massimo Mantegazza and William A. Catterall
• 5. Potassium channels (including KCNQ) and epilepsy
  Edward C. Cooper
• 6. Voltage-gated calcium channels in epilepsy
  Stuart M Cain and Terrance P Snutch
• 7. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channelopathy in epilepsy
  Nicholas P. Poolos
• 8. Phasic GABAA-mediated inhibition
  Enrico Cherubini
• 9. Tonic GABAA receptor-mediated signaling in epilepsy
  Matthew C Walker and Dimitri M Kullmann
• 10. Glutamatergic mechanisms related to epilepsy: ionotropic receptors
  Raymond Dingledine
• 11. Glutamate rECEPTORS IN epilepsy: Group I mGluR-MEDIATED epileptogenesis
  Riccardo Bianchi, Robert K. S. Wong, and Lisa R. Merlin
• 12. Plasticity of Glutamate Synaptic Mechanisms
  J. Victor Nadler
• 13. Neuronal synchronization and thalamocortical rhythms in sleep, wake and epilepsy
  Igor Timofeev, Maxim Bazhenov, Josée Seigneur, Terrence Sejnowski
• 14. Limbic Network Synchronization and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  John G R Jefferys, Premysl Jiruska, Marco de Curtis, Massimo Avoli
• 15. Imaging of Hippocampal Circuits in Epilepsy
  Hajime Takano and Douglas A. Coulter
• 16. Normal and Pathologic High-Frequency Oscillations
  Richard J. Staba
• 17. Interictal epileptiform discharges in partial epilepsy: complex neurobiological mechanisms based on experimental and clinical evidence
  Marco de Curtis, John G R Jefferys, and Massimo Avoli
• 18. GABA-A RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN TYPICAL ABSENCE SEIZURES
  Vincenzo Crunelli, Nathalie Leresche, and David W. Cope
• 19. GABAB RECEPTOR AND ABSENCE EPILEPSY
  Hua A. Han, Miguel A. Cortez, and O. Carter Snead III
• 20. Brainstem networks: Reticulo-cortical synchronization in Generalized Convulsive Seizures
  Carl L. Faingold
• 21. ON THE BASIC MECHANISMS OF INFANTILE SPASMS
  John W. Swann and Solomon L. Moshe
• 22. Fast oscillations and synchronization examined with in vitro models of epileptogenesis
  Roger D. Traub, Miles A. Whittington, Mark O. Cunningham
• 23. Computer Modeling of Epilepsy
  Marianne J. Case, Robert J. Morgan, Calvin J. Schneider, Ivan Soltesz

Section III - Mechanisms of seizures susceptibility and epileptogenesis

• 24. Traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic epilepsy
  David A. Prince, Isabel Parada, Kevin Graber
• 25. Head trauma and epilepsy
  Asla Pitkänen and Tamuna Bolkvadze
• 26. Fever, febrile seizures and epileptogenesis
  Céline M. Dubé, Shawn McClelland, ManKin Choy, Amy L. Brewster, Yoav Noam, Tallie Z. Baram
• 27. Role of Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Epileptogenesis
  Alon Friedman and Uwe Heinemann
• 28. Cell death and survival mechanisms after single and repeated brief seizures
  David C. Henshall1 and Brian S. Meldrum
• 29. Programmed necrosis after status epilepticus
  Jerome Niquet, Maria-Leonor Lopez-Meraz, Claude G. Wasterlain
• 30. Histopathology of human epilepsy
  Nihal C. de Lanerolle, Tih-Shih Lee, and Dennis D. Spencer
• 31. The Time Course and Circuit Mechanisms of Acquired Epileptogenesis
  F. Edward Dudeka and Kevin J. Staley
• 32. Mossy Fiber Sprouting in the Dentate Gyrus
  Paul S. Buckmaster
• 33. Kainate and Temporal Lobe Epilepsies: 3 decades of progress
  Yehezkel Ben-Ari
• 34. Abnormal dentate gyrus network circuitry in temporal lobe epilepsy
  Robert S. Sloviter, Argyle V. Bumanglag, Robert Schwarcz, and Michael Frotscher
• 35. Alterations in synaptic function in epilepsy
  Christophe Bernard
• 36. Seizure-induced formation of basal dendrites on granule cells of the rodent dentate gyrus
  Charles E. Ribak, Lee A. Shapiro, Xiao-Xin Yan, Khashayar Dashtipour, J. Victor Nadler, Andre Obenaus, Igor Spigelman, and Paul S. Buckmaster
• 37. Perturbations of Dendritic Excitability in Epilepsy
  Cha-Min Tang and Scott M. Thompson
• 38. Neurogenesis and epilepsy
  Jack M. Parent and Michelle M. Kron
• 39. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and the BDNF Receptor, TrkB
  J.O. McNamara and H.E. Scharfman
• 40. Alterations in the Distribution of GABAA Receptors in Epilepsy
  Carolyn R. Houser, Nianhui Zhang, and Zechun Peng
• 41. GABAA receptor plasticity during status epilepticus
  Suchitra Joshi and Jadeep Kapur
• 42. Plasticity of GABAA receptors relevant to neurosteroid actions
  Istvan Mody
• 43. GABAA Receptor Plasticity in Alcohol Withdrawal
  Richard W. Olsen and Igor Spigelman
• 44. Regulation of gabaa receptor gene expression and epilepsy
  Amy R. Brooks-Kayal, and Shelley J. Russek
• 46. Astrocytes and Epilepsy
  Jerome Clasadonte and Philip G. Haydon
• 45. Chloride homeostasis and GABA signaling in temporal lobe epilepsy
  Richard Miles , Peter Blaesse, Gilles Huberfeld , Lucia Wittner, and Kai Kaila
• 47. Astrocyte dysfunction in epilepsy
  Christian Steinhäuser, Gerald Seifert
• 48. Glia-neuronal interactions in ictogenesis and epileptogenesis: role of inflammatory mediators
  Annamaria Vezzani, Stephan Auvin, Teresa Ravizza, Eleonora Aronica
• 49. Glia-neuron interactions: neurosteroids and epileptogenesis
  Giuseppe Biagini, Carla Marinelli, Gabriella Panuccio, Giulia Puia, and Massimo Avoli
• 50. Gene Discovery in the Genetically Complex Epilepsies
  Ruth Ottman

SECTION IV - Epilepsy genes and development

• 51. Strategies for Studying the Epilepsy Genome
  Thomas N. Ferraro, Dennis J. Dlugos, Hakon Hakonarson, Russell J. Buono
• 52. Sodium Channel Mutations and Epilepsy
  William A. Catterall
• 53. Potassium Channelopathies of Epilepsy
  Robert Brenner and Karen S. Wilcox
• 54. The Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel and Absence Epilepsy
  Jeffrey L. Noebels
• 55. Mutated GABAA receptor subunits in idiopathic generalized epilepsy
  Patrick Cossette, Pamela Lachance-Touchette, and Guy A. Rouleau
• 56. The GABAA?2(R43Q) mouse model of human genetic epilepsy
  Steven Petrou and Christopher A. Reid
• 57. GABAA receptor subunit mutations and genetic epilepsies
  Robert L. Macdonald, Jing-Qiong Kang, and Martin J. Gallagher
• 58. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mutations
  Ortrud K. Steinlein, Sunao Kaneko, and Shinichi Hirose
• 59. Gene Interactions and Modifiers in Epilepsy
  Miriam H. Meisler, and Janelle E. O'Brien
• 60. Rare genetic causes of lissencephaly may implicate microtubule-based transport in the pathogenesis of cortical dysplasias
  Judy S. Liu, Christian R. Schubert, and Christopher A. Walsh
• 61. The Generation of Cortical Interneurons
  Diego M. Gelman, Oscar Marín, and John L. R. Rubenstein
• 62. Genes in infantile epileptic encephalopathies
  Christel Depienne, Isabelle Gourfinkel-An, Stéphanie Baulac, and Eric LeGuern
• 63. Developing Models of Aristaless-related homeobox mutations
  Eric D. Marsh and Jeffrey A. Golden
• 64. Haploinsufficiency of STXBP1 and Ohtahara syndrome
  Hirotomo Saitsu, Mitsuhiro Kato, and Naomichi Matsumoto
• 65. mTOR and Epileptogenesis in Developmental Brain Malformations
  Michael Wong and Peter B. Crino
• 66. Major Susceptibility Genes for Common Idiopathic Epilepsies: ELP4 in Rolandic Epilepsy and BRD2 in Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
  Deb K Pal and David A Greenberg
• 67. Myoclonin1/EFHC1 in cell division, neuroblast migration, synapse/dendrite formation in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
  T. Grisar, B. Lakaye, L de Nijs, J. LoTurco, A. Daga , and A.V. Delgado-Escueta
• 68. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Lafora
  José M. Serratosa, Berge A. Minassian B, and Subramaniam Ganesh
• 69. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy: Unverricht-Lundborg disease and Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses
  Anna-Elina Lehesjoki and Mark Gardiner
• 70. GABRB3, Epilepsy, and Neurodevelopment
  Miyabi Tanaka, Timothy M. DeLorey, Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, and Richard W. Olsen
• 71. Pathophysiology of epilepsy in autism spectrum disorders
  Carl E. Stafstrom, Paul J. Hagerman, and Isaac N. Pessah
• 72. Cognitive and Behavioral Co-Morbidities of Epilepsy
  Jonathan K. Kleen, Rod C. Scott, Pierre-Pascal Lenck-Santini, and Gregory L. Holmes
• 73. Migraine and Epilepsy-Shared Mechanisms within the Family of
  Episodic Disorders Michael A. Rogawski

SECTION V - Epilepsy therapeutics

• 74. Neurobiology of Depression as a Comorbidity of Epilepsy
  Raman Sankar, and Andrey Mazarati
• 75. Calcium channel ?2? subunits in epilepsy and as targets for antiepileptic drugs
  Annette C Dolphin
• 76. Targeting SV2A for Discovery of Antiepileptic Drugs
  Rafal M. Kaminski, Michel Gillard, and Henrik Klitgaard
• 77. Neurosteroids - Endogenous Regulators of Seizure Susceptibility and Role in the Treatment of Epilepsy
  Doodipala Samba Reddy and Michael A. Rogawski
• 78. Mechanisms of Ketogenic Diet Action
  Susan A. Masino and Jong M. Rho
• 79. Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy: Animal Models
  Kevin D. Graber and Robert S. Fisher
• 80. Animal Models for Evaluating Antiepileptogenesis
  H. Steve White
• 81. Strategies for antiepileptogenesis: Antiepileptic drugs versus novel approaches evaluated in post-status epilepticus models of temporal lobe epilepsy
  Wolfgang Löscher
• 82. Neonatal Seizures and Neuronal Transmembrane Ion Transport
  Kristopher T. Kahle and Kevin J. Staley
• 83. Antiepileptogenesis, Plasticity of AED Targets, Drug resistance, and Targeting the Immature Brain
  Heinz Beck and Yoel Yaari
• 84. Jan A. Gorter and Heidrun Potschka
• 85. Neural Stem Cell Therapy for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  Ashok K. Shetty
• 86. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL THERAPY FOR INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY
  Janice R. Naegele, Mohan C. Vemuri, and Lorenz Studer
• 87. Cell Therapy Using GABAergic Neural Progenitors
  Stewart A. Anderson and Scott C. Baraban
• 88. Reversing Disorders of Neuronal Migration and Differentiation in Animal Models
  Jean-Bernard Manent and Joseph LoTurco
• 89. Gene therapy of focal onset epilepsy using adeno-associated virus vector-mediated overexpression of neuropeptide Y
  Francesco M. Noe', Andreas T. Sørensen, Merab Kokaia, and Annamaria Vezzani
• 90. Adenosine Augmentation Therapy
  Detlev Boison

Author Information

Edited by Jeffrey Noebels, MD, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, USA, Massimo Avoli, MD, McGill University Montreal, Canada, Michael Rogawski, MD, PhD, UC Davis Davis, USA, Richard Olsen, PhD, UCLA Los Angeles, USA, and Antonio Delgado-Escueta, MD, UCLA Los Angeles, USA

Jeffrey L. Noebels MD, PhD Dr. Noebels is Cullen Trust for Health Care Endowed Chair Professor of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine. He is also Vice Chair for Research and Director of the Blue Bird Circle Developmental Neurogenetics Laboratory in the Department of Neurology. The focus of his research is on genetic and cellular mechanisms of neuronal synchronization disorders in the developing brain. Massimo Avoli, MD Dr. Avoli is Professor in the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, and in the Department of Physiology at McGill University. He is also Professor of Human Physiology at Sapienza University of Rome. His research focuses on the cellular and pharmacological mechanisms underlying excitability and epileptiform synchronization, epileptogenesis, and mental retardation syndromes. Michael A. Rogawski, MD, PhD Dr. Rogawski is professor and chair of the Department of Neurology at the University of California, Davis Sch

Medicine. He previously served as chief of the Epilepsy Research Section at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. His research is on the cellular mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs and new epilepsy treatment approaches. Richard W. Olsen, PhD Dr. Olsen is Distinguished Professor of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, and Anesthesiology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), in the Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology. The focus of his research is the structure and function of GABA-A receptors in the brain including their involvement in epilepsy and alcoholism. Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, MD Dr. Delgado-Escueta is Professor in Residence in Neurology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). He is also director of the Epilepsy Center of Excellence at the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System in West Los Angeles. The focus of his research is isolating epilepsy genes and defining their disease mechanisms.