The Behavioral Neurology of White Matter

Description

Behavioral neurology is founded on lesions of cortical gray matter, but recently the contributions of cerebral white matter to cognitive and emotional dysfunction have also attracted attention. The Behavioral Neurology of White Matter surveys this broad and fascinating field from a clinical perspective. Stimulated by recent improvements in neuroimaging, white matter has been carefully studied, and its role in the operations of cognition and emotion clarified by correlations with clinical observations. The relevance of normal and abnormal white matter to behavioral neurology is apparent in every context where this question has been examined: in development, aging, and in a host of diseases, intoxications, and injuries. Since the first edition of this book in 2001, steady advances have been made in understanding the neurobiology of white matter and its clinical significance; this edition provides a comprehensive update on this rapidly expanding field. Every chapter has been extensively rewritten, including a comprehensive revision of the account of the neuropsychiatry of white matter, a particularly challenging area. The syndrome of white matter dementia is discussed in detail, and its refinement with new information is considered along with the proposal of mild cognitive dysfunction as a precursor syndrome in many clinical settings. In addition, two new chapters have been added, one on the emerging area of white matter changes associated with neurodegenerative disorders such Alzheimer's Disease, and another on neurologic aspects of white matter including intriguing new information on white matter plasticity. A unifying theme is the concept of connectivity, as it is clear the white matter forms an essential component of the widespread distributed neural networks by which cognition and emotion are organized. In addition to the microconnectivity within gray matter that subserves information processing, the macroconnectivity of white matter.

Contents

Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition

Part I The Brain, the Mind, and White Matter

Chapter 1 The Neurological Background
I. White Matter in the History of Neurology
II. The Concept of Subcortical Dementia
III. White Matter and Higher Function
IV. The Perspective of Behavioral Neurology

Chapter 2 White Matter Structure and Function
I. Neuroanatomy
II. Neurophysiology

Chapter 3 Neuroimaging
I. Computed Tomography
II. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
III. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
IV. Magnetization Transfer Imaging
V. Diffusion Tensor Imaging
VI. Functional Neuroimaging
VII. Mapping Neural Networks

Chapter 4 Development and Aging
I. Development of White Matter
II. White Matter Changes in Aging

Part II Disorders of White Matter

Chapter 5 Genetic Disorders
Leukodystrophies
Fragile X Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome
Aminoacidurias
Phakomatoses
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Muscular Dystrophy
Callosal Agenesis

Chapter 6 Demyelinative Diseases
I. Multiple Sclerosis
II. Neuromyelitis Optica
II. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
III. Schilder's Disease
V. Marburg's Disease
VI. Balò's Concentric Sclerosis
VII. Tumefactive Multiple Sclerosis

Chapter 7 Infectious Diseases
I Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
II. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
III. Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
IV. Progressive Rubella Panencephalitis
V. Varicella Zoster Vasculopathy
VI. Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis
VII. Lyme Encephalopathy

Chapter 8 Inflammatory Diseases
I. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
II. Behçet's Disease
III. Sjögren's Syndrome
IV. Wegener's Granulomatosis
V. Temporal Arteritis
VI. Polyarteritis Nodosa
VII. Scleroderma
VIII. Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System
IX. Sarcoidosis

Chapter 9 Toxic Leukoencephalopathy
I. Radiation
II. Therapeutic Drugs
III. Drugs of Abuse
IV. Environmental Toxins
V. The Spectrum of Toxic Leukoencephalopathy

Chapter 10 Metabolic Disorders
I. Cobalamin Deficiency
II. Folate Deficiency
III. Central Pontine Myelinolysis
IV. Hypoxia
V. Hypertensive Encephalopathy
VI. Eclampsia
VII. High Altitude Cerebral Edema

Chapter 11 Vascular Diseases
I. Binswanger's Disease
II. Leukoaraiosis
IV. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
V. CADASIL
V. Migraine
VI. White Matter Disease of Prematurity

Chapter 12 Traumatic Disorders
I. Traumatic Brain Injury
II. Shaken Baby Syndrome
III. Corpus Callosotomy
IV. Frontal Lobotomy

Chapter 13 Neoplasms
I. Gliomas
II. Gliomatosis Cerebri
II. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
IV. Focal White Matter Tumors

Chapter 14 Hydrocephalus
I. Early Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus Ex Vacuo
III. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Part III White Matter and Higher Function

Chapter 15 Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia
I. Cognitive Dysfunction
II. White Matter Dementia
Why Another Dementia Syndrome?

Chapter 16 White Matter and Neurodegenerative Disease
I. Alzheimer's Disease
II. Frontotemporal Dementia
III. Parkinson's Disease
IV. Dementia with Lewy Bodies
V. Huntington's Disease
VI. Corticobasal Degeneration
VII. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Chapter 17 Focal Neurobehavioral Syndromes
I. Amnesia
II. Aphasia
III. Alexia
IV. Developmental Dyslexia
V. Gerstmann's Syndrome
VI. Apraxia
VII. Agnosia
VIII. Neglect
IX. Visuospatial Dysfunction
X. Akinetic Mutism
XI. Executive Dysfunction
XII. Callosal Disconnection

Chapter 18 Neuropsychiatric Dysfunction
I. Psychiatric Syndromes in White Matter Disorders
II. Psychiatric Disorders with White Matter Abnormalities
The Relevance of White Matter to Psychiatry

Chapter 19 Neurologic Aspects
I. Gait Disorder
II. Prognosis
III. Plasticity
IV. Treatment

Chapter 20 The Behavioral Neurology of White Matter
I. White Matter-Behavior Relationships
Distributed Neural Networks
Neural Network Disconnection
IV. Future Directions
V. White Matter and the Mind

Author

Christopher M. Filley, MD is Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry, and Director of the Behavioral Neurology Section at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Neurology Service Chief at the Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center. A graduate of Williams College and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, he completed his neurology residency at the University of Colorado and served a behavioral neurology fellowship at the Boston VA Hospital.