Pharmaceutics. the Science of Medicine Design

About this book

• Supports integrated pharmacy eduaction, so that students learn in a professionally relevant contract from day one.
• Focuses on the fundamental ideas that first year students need to fully grasp before progressing with more advanced study.
• Material clearly demonstrates connections between scientific concepts and principles and how they are applied to pharmacy.
• Written by subject experts and edited by academics with a wealth of teaching experience.

Taking medication is a common occurrence for many people, whether it is to soothe an aching head, regulate blood sugars, or to treat life threatening conditions, such as HIV or cancer. In the UK alone, over 900 million prescriptions are dispensed every year. Overseeing all of this are pharmacists: experts in medicines and their use.

The Integrated Foundations of Pharmacy series supports those who are at the beginning of their journey to become a pharmacist. The reader will begin to understand how a drug molecule is made; the process that turns it into a medicine; the role the pharmacist has when dispensing that medicine; and what happens in the body when it is taken. Most importantly, the series shows how each of these aspects are integrated, reflecting the most up-to-date teaching practices.

Pharmaceutics: the science of medicine design explores the different forms that medicines can take, and demonstrates how being able to select the best form - be it a tablet, injectable liquid, or an inhaled gas - requires an understanding of how chemicals behave in different physical states.

Online Resource Centre
The Online Resource Centre to accompany Pharmaceutics: the science of medicine design features:

For registered adopters of the book:
- Figures from the book, available to download.

For students:
- Self-assessment questions to help the reader to check and reinforce understanding of the material introduced in each chapter.

Readership: The Integrated Foundations of Pharmacy series is suitable for pharmacy undergraduates studying introductory courses in pharmaceutical chemistry, therapeutics and human physiology, pharmaceutics, and pharmacy practice.

Table of contents

1: Introduction to pharmaceutics
1.1Dosage forms
1.2Drug delivery
1.3The choice of dosage form
1.4Why do I need to study pharmaceutics?
1.5Pharmaceutical measurements

2: Solids
2.1Properties of solids
2.2Crystalline and amorphous solids
2.3Polymorphism
2.4Solubility
2.5Solid dosage forms administered via the digestive tract
2.6Solid dosage forms administered by other routes

3: Liquids
3.1Structure of liquids
3.2Properties of static liquids
3.3Properties of flowing liquids
3.4Types of Liquids
3.5Liquid dosage forms

4: Gases
4.1The gas laws
4.2The properties of gases
4.3Pharmaceutical operations and product stability
4.4Gaseous therapy
4.5Gas-based dosage forms

5: Thermodynamics
5.1Energetics of chemical and physical processes
5.2The First Law of thermodynamics: what is possible?
5.3Enthalpy and Hess' Law
5.4Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: what is permissible?
5.5Gibbs Free Energy
5.6Reactions at equilibrium

6: Acids and bases
6.1Electrolytes
6.2Acids and bases
6.3Factors Affecting Acid and Base Strength
6.4The Ionic Product of Water and the pH Scale
6.5Measuring the Strengths of Acids and Bases
6.6Ionisation of acidic and basic APIs
6.7Buffers

7: Phase equilibria and transitions
7.1Phases, phase transitions and phase equilibria
7.2Phase diagrams for pure substances
7.3Solid-liquid phase diagrams for two-component systems
7.4Solid-liquid phase diagrams for two-component systems with complex formation
7.5Liquid-vapour phase diagrams for two-component systems
7.6Liquid-liquid phase diagrams for two component systems
7.7Phase diagrams for three-component systems

8: Partitioning and hydrophobicity
8.1Hydrophobicity
8.2Partition coefficient
8.3Distribution coefficient
8.4Thermodynamics of partitioning
8.5Measuring the partition coefficient
8.6Choice of the lipophilic phase
8.7Applications of partition coefficients

9: Surface phenomena
9.1Surface and interfacial tension
9.2Contact Angle
9.3Spreading of Liquids
9.4Adsorption
9.5Surfactants
9.6Surface charge and zeta potential
9.7Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm
9.8Measurement of Surface and Interfacial Tension

10: Disperse systems
10.1Classifications of disperse systems
10.2Types of disperse system
10.3Preparation of dispersions
10.4Properties of dispersions
10.5Types of physical instability
10.6Physical stability of different types of dispersions
10.7Disperse systems used to deliver APIs
10.8DVLO theory

11: Colligative properties
11.1The colligative properties of solutions
11.2Osmotic pressure
11.3Tonicity
11.4Osmosis and liquid dosage forms
11.5Osmotic pump dosage forms
11.6The origin of colligative properties

12: Kinetics and drug stability
12.1Types of reactions
12.2Reaction rates and reaction orders
12.3Factors affecting the rate of reaction of dosage forms
12.4Temperature and reaction rate

13: Drug development and delivery
13.1Identification of candidate compounds
13.2Optimisation of lead compounds
13.3Introduction to QSAR: Optimisation of lead compounds
13.4Preformulation considerations
13.5Routes of administration and associated dosage forms
13.6Packaging considerations for pharmaceutical dosage forms
13.7Clinical trials for new medications