A Comprehensive Guide to Radiographic Sciences and Technology

Seeram, E.

1ª Edition July 2021

English

ISBN 9781119581857

Publisher WILEY

Printed Book

Offer

-5%

71,35 €67,78 €VAT included

68,61 €65,17 €VAT not included

Receive it within

2 - 3 weeks

Electronic Book

Offer

-5%

57,19 €54,33 €VAT included

54,99 €52,24 €VAT not included

OnLine Access

Immediate

This eBook uses the Bookshelf platform.

What is Bookshelf?

Bookshelf is a tool for managing your eBooks. With online access, you will have a library with all your eBooks. To learn more about Bookshelf, watch an explanatory video .

The eBooks you purchase can be used directly in the browser through the web application Bookshelf Online You can also download them to a Native App to read them anytime and on any device, even when you don't have internet access.

The purchase includes 1 year of Bookshelf Online. The downloaded copy on your device does not expire.

Native Applications

For computers with the following systems:

For mobile devices:

Functionality

The Bookshelf apps offer functionality that goes beyond what printed books provide:

Online and offline access on mobile or desktop devices
Bookmarks, highlights, and notes synchronized across all your devices
Study tools like shared notes and integration with Microsoft OneNote
Search and navigation of content across your entire Library
Interactive notebook and text-to-speech functionality
Online search for additional information by highlighting a word or phrase

How to read your eBooks

1
Buy your eBook at axon.es
2
Redeem your code that you received via email and download your eBook. See how
3
Access your eBook on any laptop, tablet, or smartphone with the Bookshelf app

radiology and radiotherapy technicians radiography | x-rays | conventional radiology

Foreword

Preface

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1: Radiographic Sciences and Technology: An Overview

Radiographic Imaging Systems: Major Modalities and Components
Radiographic Imaging Physics
Essential Physics of Diagnostic Imaging
Digital Radiographic Imaging Modalities
Radiographic Exposure Technique
Image Quality Considerations
Computed Tomography-Physics and Instrumentation
Quality Control
Imaging Informatics at a Glance
Radiation Protection and Dose Optimization
Radiobiology
Technical Factors Affecting Dose in Radiographic Imaging
Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiography
Radiation Protection Regulations
Optimization of Radiation Protection
References

Chapter 2: Digital Radiographic Imaging Systems: Major Components

Film-Screen Radiography: A Short Review of Principles
Digital Radiography Modalities: Major System Components
Computed Radiography
Flat-Panel Digital Radiography
Digital Fluoroscopy
Digital Mammography
Computed Tomography
Image Communication Systems
Picture Archiving and Communication System
References

SECTION 2: BASIC RADIOGRAPHIC SCIENCES and TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 3: Basic Physics of Diagnostic Radiography

Structure of the Atom
Nucleus
Electrons, Quantum Levels, Binding Energy, Electron Volts
Energy Dissipation in Matter
Excitation
Ionization
Types of Radiation
Electromagnetic
Particulate
X-Ray Generation
X-Ray Production
Properties of X-rays
Origin of X-Rays
Characteristic Radiation
Bremstrahlung Radiation
X-ray Emission
X-Ray Beam Quantity and Quality
Factors Affecting X-Ray Beam Quantity and Quality
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
Mechanisms of Interaction in Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging
Radiation Attenuation
Linear Attenuation Coefficient
Mass Attenuation Coefficient
Half Value Layer
Radiation Quantities and Units
References

Chapter 4: The X-Ray Tube and Generator

Physical Components of the X-Ray Machine
Components of the X-Ray Circuit
The Power Supply to the X-Ray Circuit
The Low Voltage Section (Control Console)
The High Voltage Section
Types of X-Ray Generators
Three-Phase Generators
High-Frequency Generators
Power Ratings
The X-Ray Tube: Structure and Function
Major Components
Special X-Ray Tubes: Basic Design Features
Double-Bearing Axle
Heat Capacity and Heat Dissipation Considerations
X-Ray Beam Filtration and Collimation
Inherent and Added Filtration
Effects of Filtration on X-ray Tube Output Intensity
Half-Value Layer
Collimation
References

Chapter 5: Digital Image Processing at a Glance

Digital Image Processing
Definition
Image Formation and Representation
Processing Operations
Characteristics of Digital Images
Gray Scale Processing
Windowing
Conclusion
References

Chapter 6: Digital Radiographic Imaging Modalities: Principles and Technology

Computer Radiography
Essential Steps
Basic Physical Principles
Response of the IP to Radiation Exposure
Standardized Exposure Indicator
Flat-Panel Digital Radiography
What is Flat-Panel Digital Radiography (FPDR)?
Types of FPDR Systems
Basic Physical Principles of Indirect and Direct Flat-Panel Detectors
The Fill Factor of the Pixel in the Flat-Panel Detector
Exposure Indicator
Image Quality Descriptors for DR Systems
Continuous Quality Improvement for DR Systems
Digital Fluoroscopy
Digital Fluoroscopy Modes
Image Intensifier-Based Digital Fluoroscopy Characteristics
Flat-Panel Digital Fluoroscopy Characteristics
Digital Mammography
Screen-Film Mammography: Basic Principles
Full-Field Digital Mammography-Major Elements
Digital Tomosynthesis at a Glance
Imaging System Characteristics
Synthesized 2D Digital Mammography
References

Chapter 7: Image Quality and Dose

The process of Creating an Image
Image Quality Metrics
Contrast
Contrast Resolution
Spatial Resolution
Noise
Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Artifacts
Dose and Image Quality
Digital Detector Response to the Dose
Detective Quantum Efficiency
References

SECTION 3: COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: BASIC PHYSICS and TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 8: The Essential Technical Aspects of Computed Tomography

Physics
Radiation Attenuation
Technology
Data Acquisition: Principles and Components
Image Reconstruction
Image Display, Storage, and Communication
MultiSlice CT (MSCT): Principles and Technology
Slip-Ring Technology
X-Ray Tube Technology
Interpolation Algorithms
MSCT Detector Technology
Selectable Scan Parameters
Isotropic CT Imaging
MSCT Image Processing
Image Postprocessing
Windowing
3-D Image Display Techniques
Image Quality
Spatial Resolution
Contrast Resolution
Noise
Radiation Protection
CT Dosimetry
Factors Affecting Patient Dose
Optimizing Radiation Protection
Conclusion
References

SECTION 4: CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Chapter 9: Fundamentals of Quality Control

Introduction
Definitions
Essential Steps of QC
QC Responsibilities
Steps in Conducting a QC Test
The Tolerance Limits or Acceptance Criteria
Parameters for QC Monitoring
QC Testing Frequency
Tools for QC Testing
The Format of a QC Test
Performance Criteria/Tolerance Limits for Common QC Tests
Radiography
Fluoroscopy
Repeat Image Analysis
Computed Tomography QC Tests for Technologists
References

SECTION 5: PACS and IMAGING INFORMATICS

Chapter 10: Imaging Informatics at a Glance

Introduction
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems: Characteristic Features
Definition
Core Technical Components
Imaging Informatics?
Enterprise Imaging
Cloud Computing
Big Data
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Applications in Medical Imaging
AI in CT Image Reconstruction
Ethics of AI in Radiology-A Joint Multi-Society Summary Statement.
References

SECTION 5: RADIATION PROTECTION

Chapter 11: Basic Concepts of Radiobiology

What is Radiobiology?
Generalizations About Radiation Effects on Living Organisms
Relevant Physical Processes
Ionization
Excitation
Linear Energy Transfer
Relative Biological Effectiveness
Radiolysis of Water
Dose-Response Models
The Linear Non-Threshold (LNT) Dose-Response Model
The Linear Threshold Dose-Response Model
Stochastic Effects
Deterministic Effects
Radiation Effects on the Conceptus
References

Chapter 12: Technical Dose Factors in Radiography, Fluoroscopy, and CT

Dose Factors in Digital Radiography
The X-Ray Generator
Exposure Technique Factors
X-Ray Beam Filtration
Collimation and Field Size
SID and SSD
Patient Thickness and Density
Scattered Radiation Grid
The Sensitivity of the Image Receptor
Dose Factors in Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopic Exposure Factors
Fluoroscopic Equipment Factors
CT Radiation Dose Factors and Dose Optimization Considerations
Dose Distribution in the Patient
CT dose Metrics
Factors Affecting the Dose in CT
Dose Optimization Overview
References

Chapter 13: Essential Principles of Radiation Protection

Introduction
Why Radiation Protection?
Categories of Data from Human Exposure
Radiation Dose-Risk Models
Summary of Biological Effects
Radiation Protection Organizations
Objectives of Radiation Protection
Radiation Protection Philosophy
ICRP Radiation Protection Framework
Justification
Optimization
Dose Limits
Dose Limits
Personal Actions
Time
Shielding
Distance
Radiation Quantities and Units
Sources of Radiation Exposure
Quantities and Units
Personnel Dosimetry
Optimization of Radiation Protection
Regulatory and Guidance Recommendations
Diagnostic Reference Levels
Gonadal Shielding: Past Considerations
X-Ray Protective Shielding
Current State of Gonadal Shielding
References

Index

Euclid Seeram, PhD, FCAMRT, is a Full Member of the Health Physics Society and has academic appointments as Honorary Senior Lecturer in Medical Radiation Sciences at the University of Sydney, Australia; Adjunct Associate Professor of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences at Monash University, Australia; Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Science at Charles Sturt University, Australia; and Adjunct Professor of Medical Radiation Sciences at the University of Canberra, Australia.