Comparative Veterinary Anatomy. A Clinical Approach

SECTION I: INTRODUCTION

1: Clinical Anatomy Nomenclature
N.S. Grenager, J.A. Orsini,and A. de Lahunta

SECTION II: DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Aitor Gallastegui, Section editor

2: Introduction to Imaging Modalities
Aitor Gallastegui

2.1 Current Imaging Technologies

2.1.1 Endoscopy – Nora S. Grenager and James A. Orsini

2.1.2 Radiography – Aitor Gallastegui

2.1.3 Ultrasonography (US) – Aitor Gallastegui

2.1.4 Computed tomography (CT) – Aitor Gallastegui

2.1.5 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – Aitor Gallastegui

2.1.6 Nuclear scintigraphy & positron emission tomography (PET) – Aitor Gallastegui

2.2 Novel Technologies

2.2.1 Files in diagnostic imaging/PACS – Aitor Gallastegui

2.2.2 3D printing – Aitor Gallastegui

2.2.3 Cone beam CT – Aitor Gallastegui

2.2.4 Whole body PET scan – A. Gallastegui, N.S. Grenager, and J.A. Orsini

SECTION III: CANINE AND FELINE CLINICAL CASES
John F. Randolph and Helen Davies, Section editors

3.0/Canine IIIA Landscape Figures (1-9) N.S. Grenager, J.A. Orsini, and A. de Lahunta

3.1/Feline IIIB Landscape Figures: (1-9) N.S. Grenager, J.A. Orsini, and A. de Lahunta


3: Axial Skeleton: Head, Neck, and Vertebral Column
John F. Randolph, Cha ed.
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, and Paranasal Sinuses

3.1 Nasopharyngeal polyp – Meredith Miller

3.2 Hyperthyroidism – Mark E. Peterson and John F. Randolph

3.3 Brachycephalic airway syndrome – David Holt Mouth

3.4 Odontogenic disease – Nadine Fiani and Santiago PeraltaEye

3.5 Retrobulbar mass – Eric Ledbetter Ear

3.6 Otitis interna/media – Adalberto Merighi and Laura Lossi

3.7 Thyroid adenocarcinoma – Takanori Sugiyama and Helen Davies

3.8 Cervical intervertebral disc disease – Takanori Sugiyama and Helen Davies
Vestibular System, Brain and Lumbar Vertebral Column

3.9 Otitis media/interna and vestibular dysfunction – Marc Kent and Eric N. Glass

3.10 Glioma – Marc Kent and Eric N. Glass

3.11 Meningioma – Fred Wininger

3.12 Lumbar intervertebral disc disease – Marc Kent and Eric N. Glass

4: Thorax: Helen Davies
Pleura, Mediastinum, and Lungs

4.1 Aspiration pneumonia – N. Bamford, C. Beck, and H.Davies

4.2 Pyothorax – L. Dooley, C. Beck, and H. Davies

4.3 Diaphragmatic rupture – Cathy Beck and Helen Davies
Mediastinal Organs

4.4 Feline cardiomyopathy – Mark Oyama and Simon Bailey

4.5 Persistent right fourth aortic arch (PRRA) – David Holt

4.6 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) – Mark Oyama

4.7 Mitral valve disease – L. Dooley, C. Beck, and S. Bailey

4.8 Esophageal foreign body – David Holt


5: Abdomen
John Randolph, Chapter editor
Liver, Pancreas, Spleen, and Adrenal Glands

5.1 Portosystemic vascular anomaly – Sharon A. Center and John F. Randolph

5.2 Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction secondary to acute pancreatitis – Shannon M. Palermo and Mark Rondeau

5.3 Hyperadrenocorticism – N. S. Grenager, R. S. Hess, and J A. Orsini

5.4 Splenic torsion – D. Holt, N.S. Grenager, and J.A. Orsini
Stomach

5.4 Gastric dilatation and volvulus – Carol Carberry
Small Intestine

5.5 Small intestine obstruction – D. Holt, N. S. Grenager, and J.A. Orsini
Large Intestine, Anal Canal, and Rectum

5.6 Megacolon – Takanori Sugiyama and Helen Davies
Body Wall

5.7 Abdominal wall hernia – Takanori Sugiyama and Helen Davies


6: Pelvic Organs
Helen Davies, Chapter editor
Female Urogenital System

6.1 Ectopic ureters – James Flanders

6.2 Pyometra – Natali Krekeler and Helen Davies

6.3 Dystocia and the mammary gland – N. Krekeler, H. Davies and C. Beck
Male Urogenital System

6.4 Benign prostatic hyperplasia – M. Schrank, S. Romagnoli, and N. Krekeler

6.5 Congenital phimosis – M. Schrank, N. Krekeler, H. Davies, and S. Romagnoli


7: Thoracic Limb
Helen Davies, Chapter editor
Proximal Thoracic Limb (shoulder, brachium, and antebrachium)

7.1 Osteochondritis dissecans of the shoulder – Kimberly A. Agnello

7.2 Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle – T. Sugiyama, H. Davies, and C. Beck
Distal Thoracic Limb (carpus and manus)  

7.3 Carpal valgus deformity – L. Wallett, C. King , C. Beck, and H. Davies

7.4 Phalangeal fracture – Ray Ferguson and Helen Davies
Innervation of the Thoracic Limb 

7.5 Nerve sheath neoplasm – Eric N. Glass and Marc Kent


8: Pelvic Limb
Helen Davies, Chapter editor
Proximal Pelvic Limb (hip, stifle, crus)

8.1 Hip dysplasia – Christina Murray and Cathy Beck

8.2 Femoral fracture – Christina Murray and Cathy Beck

8.3 Cranial cruciate ligament tear – Kimberly A. Agnello

8.4 Tibial fracture – L. Wallett, C. Beck, and H. Davies
Distal Pelvic Limb (tarsus and pes)  

8.5 Fracture of the tarsal bones – C. Boemo, O. Al-Juhaishi, Z. Akbar, and H. Davies
Innervation of the Pelvic Limb 

8.6 Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis – Eric N. Glass and Marc Kent

8.7 Calcaneal tendon injury – E.N. Glass, M. Kent, and A. de Lahunta


9: Integument and Mammary Gland
Helen Davies, Chapter editor

9.1 Sebaceous adenitis – Karen Trainor and Brian Palmeiro

SECTION IV: EQUINE CLINICAL CASES
Nora S. Grenager & James A. Orsini, Section eds.

4.0/Equine IV Landscape Figures: (1-11) N.S. Grenager, J.A. Orsini, and A. de Lahunta

10: Axial Skeleton: Head, Neck, and Vertebral Column
Matt Gerard and Amy Johnson
Eye

10.1 Squamous cell carcinoma – Amanda Davis and Brian Gilger
Mouth

10.2 Septic sialoadenitis – Timo Prange and Mathew Gerard
Paranasal Sinuses

10.3 Paranasal sinus cyst – Ferenc Toth and Jim Schumacher

10.4 Dental disease and sinusitis – Callie Fogle and Mathew Gerard
Pharynx

10.5 Guttural pouch disease – Olivier LePage

10.6 Nasopharyngeal collapse – Tara R. Shearer and Susan J. Holcombe

10.7 Laryngeal hemiplegia – Eric Parente
Cranial Nerves

10.8 Vestibular disease – William Gilsenan
Ear

10.9 Ear sarcoid – Annette M. McCoy
Poll

10.10 Nuchal bursitis – Jose Garcia-Lopez
Neck

10.11 Esophageal obstruction – Judith Koenig and Shune Kimura
Central Nervous System

10.12 Cervical vertebral osteoarthritis – Amy L. Johnson

10.13 Congenital cerebellar disorder – Monica Aleman


11: Thorax
Sarah Reuss
Heart

11.1 Tetralogy of Fallot – Christobal Navas de Solis

11.2 Mitral regurgitation – Christobal Navas de Solis and Kari Bevevino
Pleura, Mediastinum, and Lungs

11.3 Pleuropneumonia – Michelle Coleman


12: Abdomen
E. Mueller, J. Williams, and K. Epstein, Chapter editors
Stomach, Spleen, and Small Intestine

12.1 Gastric ulcer disease – C. Xue, K. Withowski, A. St. Pierre, and K. Epstein

12.2 Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis – Katherine Christie and Jarred Williams

12.3 Epiploic foramen entrapment – J. Tyma, J. Goni, and J. Williams
Cecum and Colon

12.4 Cecal impaction – Euan Murray and Kira Epstein

12.5 Large colon volvulus – Jessica Bramski and Kira Epstein

12.6 Small colon enterolith – Phillip Kieffer and Kira Epstein
Organs

12.7 Cholangiocarcinoma – Brina Lopez and Kira Epstein


13: Pelvic Organs
Dirk Vanderwall
Female Urogenital System

13.1 Urovagina – Jennifer Linton

13.2 Second-degree perineal laceration – Candace Lyman and G. Reed Holyoak

13.3 Uterine artery rupture – Maria Ferrer

13.4 Granulosa cell tumor – Dirk Vanderwall

13.5 Endometrial cysts – Carlos Pinto

13.6 Oviduct/uterine tube obstruction – Candace Lyman and Patricia Sertich
Male Urogenital System

13.7 Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis – David Levine and Carrie Jacobs

13.8 Seminal vesiculitis – Malgorzata Pozor

13.9 Inguinal hernia – Nora S. Grenager and James A. Orsini
Urinary Bladder and Urachal Remnant

13.10 Omphalitis and bladder rupture – Singen Elliott and Jarred Williams

13.11 Cystic calculus – Tamara Dobbie


14: Thoracic Limb
Nick Carlson
Proximal Thoracic Limb (shoulder, brachium, and antebrachium)

14.1 Radial neuropathy – Laura Johnstone

14.2 Supraglenoid tubercle fracture – Nick Carlson

14.3 Ulnar fracture – Nick Carlson

14.4 Radial fracture – Liberty Getman
Distal Thoracic Limb (carpus and manus)

14.5 Superficial digital flexor tendinitis – Nick Carlson

14.6 Osteochondral fragment of the metacarpophalangeal joint – Nick Carlson

14.7 Fracture of the 2nd phalanx – Nick Carlson

14.8 Foreign body penetration of the hoof – Nick Carlson

14.9 Laminitis – Nick Carlson


15: Pelvic Limb
Nick Carlson
Proximal Pelvic Limb (hip, stifle, crus)

15.1 Coxofemoral joint luxation – Nick Carlson

15.2 Osteochondritis dissecans – Sarah James

15.3 Disruption of the fibularis (peroneus) tertius – Nick Carlson
Distal Pelvic Limb (tarsus and pes)

15.4 Gastrocnemius tendonitis – Sarah James and Nick Carlson

15.5 Fracture of the 4th metatarsal bone – Nick Carlson


16: Integument and Mammary Gland
Sarah Reuss

16.1 Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia – Daniela Luethy

16.2 Mastitis – Maria Ferrer

SECTION V: FARM ANIMAL CLINICAL CASES
André Desrochers

5.0/Bovine V Landscape Figures: (1-9) N.S. Grenager, J.A. Orsini, and A. de Lahunta


17: Axial Skeleton: Head, Neck, and Vertebral Column
André Desrochers
Head and Neck

17.1 Maxillary sinusitis – Caroline Constant

17.2 Tooth root abscess – Andy Niehaus

17.3 Dehorning – Marjolaine Rousseau
Vertebral Column

17.4 Spinal lymphoma – André Desrochers and Gilles Fecteau


18: Thorax
André Desrochers
Heart and Lungs

18.1 Pericarditis – Marie-Eve Fecteau

18.2 Endocarditis and atrial lymphoma – Marie-Eve Fecteau and Gilles Fecteau

19: Abdomen
André Desrochers
Forestomachs (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum)

19.1 Traumatic reticuloperitonitis – Emma Marchionatti

19.2 Left displacement of the abomasum – Brent C. Credille and Susan Fubini
Small and Large Intestine

19.3 Intestinal volvulus – David Anderson
Cecum

19.4 Cecal dilatation/volvulus – Emma Marchionatti
Liver

19.5 Caudal vena cava syndrome – Julie Berman

19.6 Hepatic lipidosis – Julie Berman
Kidney

19.7 Hydronephrosis – André Desrochers


20: Pelvic Organ
André Desrochers
Female Urogenital System

20.1 Perineal laceration – Michael Pesato and Billy Smith

20.2 Dystocia with cesarean section – Andy Niehauss
Male Urogenital System

20.3 Urolithiasis – Marie-Eve Fecteau

20.4 Penile hematoma – David Anderson


21: Thoracic Limb
André Desrochers
Thoracic Limb

21.1 Shoulder luxation – Marjolaine Rousseau

21.2 Septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint – Karl Nuss

21.3 Sole ulcer – Karl Nuss

21.4 Metacarpal fracture – André Desrochers


22: Pelvic Limb
André Desrochers
Pelvic Limb

22.1 Coxofemoral luxation – Emma Marchionatti

22.2 Patellar dislocation – David Anderson

22.3 Cranial cruciate ligament tear – Emma Marchionatti and Caroline Constant

22.4 Gastrocnemius rupture – André Desrochers


23: Integument and Mammary Gland/Udder
André Desrochers

23.1 Contagious ecthyma – Cynthia Faux and Luise King

23.2 Chronic udder abscess – Sylvain Nichols

23.3 Teat obstruction – Sylvain Nichols

SECTION VI: AVIAN CLINICAL CASES
Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon, Section editors

6.0/ Avian VI Landscape Figures (1-7) N.S. Grenager, J. A. Orsini, and A. de Lahunta


24: Adaptations to Flight
Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

25: Head and Neck
Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

25.1 Infraorbital sinusitis – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

25.2 Crop impaction – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

25.3 Syringeal obstruction – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

25.4 Beak fracture – Cynthia M. Faux, Marcie L. Logsdon and Laura Lossi

25.5 Obstruction of external ear canal – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

25.6 Ocular trauma – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon


26: Thoraco-abdominal Cavity
Cynthia M. Faux & Marcie L. Logsdon

26.1 Ischemic stroke – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

26.2 Egg-yolk peritonitis – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

26.3 Air sacculitis – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

26.4 Ventricular foreign body – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

26.5 Sertoli cell tumor – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

26.6 Marek’s disease – Ricardo de Matos and Jamie Morrisey


27: Thoracic and Pelvic Limb
Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

27.1 Humeral fracture – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

27.2 Vertebral column trauma – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

27.3 Pododermititis (bumblefoot) – Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon


28: Integument/Feathers
Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

28.1 Impacted uropygial (‘preen’) gland
Cynthia M. Faux and Marcie L. Logsdon

SECTION VII: APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Abbreviations used in the text
Appendix 2: Reference values for physical examination parameters
Canine/Feline, Equine, Farm animal (Bovine, Caprine, Ovine) and Avian
Appendix 3: Reference values for complete blood count
Canine/Feline, Equine, Farm animal (Bovine, Caprine, Ovine) and Avian
Appendix 4: Reference values for serum biochemistry
Canine/Feline, Equine, Farm animal (Bovine, Caprine, Ovine) and Avian

SECTION VII: INDEX

Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: A Clinical Approach describes the comprehensive, clinical application of anatomy for veterinarians, veterinary students, allied health professionals and undergraduate students majoring in biology and zoology. The book covers the applied anatomy of dogs, cats, horses, cows and other farm animals, with a short section on avian/exotics, with a focus on specific clinical anatomical topics. The work improves the understanding of basic veterinary anatomy by making it relevant in the context of common clinical problems. This book will serve as a single-source reference on the application of important anatomical structures in a clinical setting.

Students, practitioners and specialists will find this information easy-to-use and well-illustrated, thus presenting an accurate representation of essential anatomical structures that relates to real-life clinical situations in veterinary medicine.

• Presents multiple species, garnering a broad audience of interest for veterinarians, specialists, professional students, and undergraduate students majoring in the biological sciences
• Contains detailed layered color figures at the beginning of each different species section in addition to numerous figures throughout
• Focuses on clinically oriented anatomy
• Correlates gross anatomy, radiology, ultrasound, CT, MRI and nuclear medicine in clinical case presentations

James A. Orsini, is an Associate Professor of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Orsini received his DVM from Cornell University and completed his internship, surgery residency, and fellowship/lectureship training at Penn's New Bolton Center campus. He is board certified in surgery by the American College of Veterinary Surgeons with a special interest and expertise in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery and laminitis, amongst other surgery areas. He has published extensively on equine pediatric surgery, antimicrobials, laminitis, gastric ulcers, pain and anti-inflammatory medications and related fields with several hundred publications. He is co-editor of Equine Emergencies: Treatment and Procedures, which is in its fourth edition and published in seven languages. Dr. Orsini's current research interests are in understanding the pathophysiology of laminitis, prevention, and improved treatments.

Nora S. Grenager is an equine internal medicine specialist currently at University College Dublin in Ireland. Dr. Grenager received her BA from Amherst College, her VMD from the University of Pennsylvania, and then completed her internship and internal medicine residency at Steinbeck Country Equine Clinic in Salinas, California. She is board-certified in large animal internal medicine by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine and, until moving to Ireland, practiced primarily in California and northern Virginia.

Dr. Grenager recently published Comparative Veterinary Anatomy: A Veterinary Approach with co-editors Dr. James Orsini and the late Dr. Alexander de Lahunta. She is co-editor of the upcoming 5th edition of Equine Emergencies with Dr. James Orsini. She has published on equine endocrinopathic laminitis, ultrasonographic findings with right dorsal displacement of the large colon, links between temporohyoid osteoarthropathy and cribbing, gastric ulcers, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection; edited a case series on equine tick-borne diseases; and has guest or proof-edited numerous other publications. She has been actively involved in the veterinary profession via positions in associations such as the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The Northern California Association of Equine Practitioners, The International Laminitis Conference, and the American Veterinary Medical Association.

Alexander de Lahunta graduated from Phillips Academy Andover in 1951 and the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine in 1958. From 1958-1960 he joined the mixed animal practice of Drs. Carol and George Cilley in Concord, NH. He returned to the Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University in 1960 for graduate study, where he was awarded a PhD in 1963 and appointed assistant professor at that time. Dr. de Lahunta spent 42 years on that faculty and retired in 2005. In the mid-1960s he organized and personally ran a consulting service for clinical neurology in the Teaching Hospital, as well as organized and taught a vertically oriented course in veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology to first year students. For varying periods he has taught gross anatomy, embryology, applied anatomy and neuropathology. Dr. de Lahunta also received the ACVIM Robert Kirk Award. Dr. Kirk was his teacher as a student and mentor as a faculty member.