Breast Pathology

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Title page

Table of Contents

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Contributors

1. Breast Development, Physiology, and Histology

• Abstract
• Normal Breast
• Developmental Disorders
• Breast Changes in Transgender Individuals
• Summary
• References

2. Reactive and Inflammatory Conditions of the Breast

• Abstract
• Mammary Duct Ectasia
• Fat Necrosis
• Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis
• Sclerosing Lymphocytic Lobulitis
• IgG4-related Sclerosing Mastitis
• Breast Infarction
• Reactive Changes Related to Needle Biopsy
• Nodular Fasciitis of the Breast
• Systemic Disease in Breast Parenchyma
• Summary
• References

3. Infections of the Breast

• Abstract
• Lactational Breast Infection
• Nonlactational Breast Infection
• Cystic Neutrophilic Granulomatous Mastitis (CNGM)
• Zuska (SMOLDering) Breast Disease
• Miscellaneous Breast Infections
• Summary
• References

4. Epidemiology of Breast Cancer

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Risk Factors for Breast Cancer (Tables 4.1, 4.2)
• Summary
• References

5. Patient Safety in Breast Pathology

• Changing Role of Pathologists in Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Management
• Current Challenges in the Practice of Breast Pathology
• Mechanisms to Minimize Errors in Breast Pathology
• Implementation of Patient Safety–Centered Breast Pathology in Practice
• Summary
• References

6. Gross Examination of Breast Specimens

• Abstract
• General Principles for Gross Examination of Breast Specimens
• Percutaneous Core Needle Biopsies
• Recommendations for Handling and Processing of Breast Core Needle Biopsies
• Surgical Excisions/Lumpectomies
• Separately Submitted Margins and Re-Excision Specimens
• Mastectomies
• Pitfalls in Evaluation of Excisions and Mastectomies
• Axillary Lymph Nodes
• Examination of Breast Prostheses (Implants)
• Fresh Tissue Collection for Research and Clinical Purposes
• Summary
• References

7. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

• Abstract
• Clinical Parameters and Feasibility Issues
• Predictors of Sentinel Node Metastasis
• Pathological Evaluation
• American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging of Sentinel Nodes
• Controversial Issues with Regard to Histological Assessment
• Histological Pitfalls
• Predictors of Nonsentinel Involvement
• Critical Issues
• Summary
• References

8. Breast Imaging Modalities for Pathologists

• Mammography
• Ultrasound
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Molecular Breast Imaging
• Computed Tomography/Positron Emission Tomography
• Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging
• Methods for Obtaining, Marking, and Localizing a Tissue Sample
• New Methods on the Horizon
• Summary
• References

9. Predictive and Prognostic Marker Testing in Breast Pathology: Immunophenotypic Subclasses of Disease

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Hormone Receptors in Breast Carcinoma
• HER2 (ERBB2) Oncogene in Breast Cancer
• Other relevant prognostic/predictive markers
• Summary
• Acknowledgments
• References

10. Molecular-Based Testing in Breast Disease for Therapeutic Decisions

• Abstract
• Gene Expression Profiling Using Microarray Technology and Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Prognostic and Predictive Gene Expression Signatures
• Other Gene Expression Signatures
• MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer
• Circulating Tumor Cells
• Summary
• References

11. Diagnostic Immunohistology of the Breast

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Assessment of Stromal Invasion
• Immunohistochemistry of papillary lesions
• Proliferative Ductal Epithelial Lesions and in Situ Carcinomas
• Tumor Type Identification by Immunohistochemistry
• Lobular Carcinoma Variants and Former Lobular Variants
• Immunohistochemistry for Identifying Special Types of Breast Carcinomas
• Paget’s Disease of the Breast
• Detection of Lymphatic Space Invasion
• Sentinel Lymph Node Examination
• Systemic Metastasis of Breast Carcinoma
• Fibroepithelial Tumors
• References

12. Fibroepithelial Lesions

• Abstract
• Fibroadenoma
• Phyllodes Tumor
• Summary
• References

13. Papilloma and Papillary Lesions

• Abstract
• Papilloma
• Differential Diagnosis
• Summary
• References

14. Adenosis and Microglandular Adenosis

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Adenosis
• Microglandular Adenosis
• Summary
• References

15. Nipple Adenoma (Florid Papillomatosis of the Nipple)

• Abstract
• Normal Nipple Anatomy
• Nipple Adenoma
• Summary
• References

16. Radial Scar

• Abstract
• Radial Scar
• Clinical Imaging
• Summary
• References

17. Myoepithelial Lesions of the Breast

• Abstract
• Adenomyoepithelioma and Malignant Adenomyoepithelioma
• Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
• Pleomorphic Adenoma
• Mammary Myofibroblastoma
• Summary
• References

18. Fibrocystic Change and Usual Epithelial Hyperplasia of Ductal Type Fibrocystic Change

• Abstract
• Clinical Presentation
• Clinical Imaging
• Gross Pathology
• Microscopic Pathology
• Ductal Neoplasia (ADH/DCIS) in Preexisting Usual Ductal Hyperplasia
• Summary
• References

19. Columnar Cell Change, Flat Epithelial Atypia, and Atypical Ductal Epithelial Hyperplasia

• Abstract
• Introduction: Screening and Detection
• Columnar Cell Lesions: Benign and Atypical
• Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia (ADH)
• Low-Grade Breast Neoplasia Pathway
• Summary
• References

20. Molecular Classification of Breast Carcinoma

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Intrinsic Gene Set–based Molecular Classification
• Molecular Classification of Triple-negative Breast Carcinomas
• Other Molecular Subtypes (Claudin-low Tumors)
• Other Molecular Subtypes (Molecular Apocrine Class)
• Molecular Classifications of HER2+ Breast Carcinomas
• Molecular Analyses of Special Subtype Carcinomas
• Molecular Profiling of Metastatic Disease
• Other Multigene Prediction Assays
• Immunohistochemical Surrogates to Molecular Classes
• Future of Molecular Testing
• References

21. Lobular Neoplasia and Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

• Abstract
• Lobular Carcinoma In Situ and Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia
• Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
• Molecular Pathology of Lobular Carcinoma
• Summary
• References

22. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

• Abstract
• Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
• Summary
• References

23. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of No Special Type and Histological Grade

• Abstract
• Invasive Carcinoma of No Special Type (Ductal NST)
• Differential Diagnosis
• Summary
• Acknowledgement
• References

24. Triple-Negative and Basal-like Carcinoma

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma Molecular Classification
• Basal-like Breast Carcinoma
• Summary
• References

25. Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma

• Abstract
• Metaplastic Carcinoma
• Differential Diagnoses
• Summary
• References

26. Apocrine Carcinoma of the Breast

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Clinical Presentation
• Clinical Imaging
• Gross Pathology
• Histology
• Immunohistochemistry
• Molecular Pathology
• Ultrastructure
• Treatment
• Prognosis
• Differential Diagnosis
• References

27. Paget’s Disease of the Breast

• Abstract
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Presentation
• Clinical Imaging and Diagnosis
• Macroscopic Pathology
• Microscopic Pathology
• Histological Variants
• Cytology
• Immunohistochemistry
• Differential Diagnosis
• Molecular Pathology
• Treatment and Prognosis
• Summary
• References

28. Pathology of Neoadjuvant Therapeutic Response of Breast Carcinoma

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Predictors of Therapeutic Response
• Evaluation of Therapeutic Response
• Posttreatment Prognostic and Predictive Factors
• Systems for Evaluating Degree of Response
• Reporting of Posttreatment Specimens
• Summary
• References

29. Special Types of Invasive Breast Carcinoma: Tubular Carcinoma, Cribriform Carcinoma, Mucinous Carcinoma, Micropapillary Carcinoma

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Tubular Carcinoma
• Invasive Cribriform Carcinoma
• Mucinous Carcinoma
• Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma
• Summary
• References

30. Rare Breast Carcinomas: Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Secretory Carcinoma, Carcinoma With Osteoclast-like Giant Cells, Lipid-Rich Carcinoma, and Glycogen-Rich Clear Cell Carcinoma

• Introduction
• Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
• Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
• Secretory Carcinoma
• Carcinoma With Osteoclast-like Giant Cells
• Lipid-Rich Carcinoma
• Glycogen-Rich Clear Cell Carcinoma
• Summary
• References

31. Mesenchymal Tumors of the Breast

• NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
• Hamartoma
• Benign Vascular Lesions
• Malignant Vascular Tumors
• Myofibroblastic and Fibroblastic Tumors and Tumor-like Proliferations
• Smooth Muscle Tumors
• Adipocytic Tumors
• Other Sarcomas
• Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
• References

32. Neoplasia of the Male Breast

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Embryogenesis and Puberty
• Benign Proliferative Lesions
• Benign Papillary Lesions
• Fibroepithelial Lesions
• Gynecomastia
• Other Benign Disorders of the Male Breast
• Carcinoma of the Male Breast
• Screening and Diagnosis
• Precursor Lesions
• Invasive Carcinoma
• Summary
• References

33. Breast Tumors in Children and Adolescents

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Juvenile Papillomatosis
• Papillary Ductal Hyperplasia (Papilloma, Papillomatosis)
• Fibroepithelial Tumors
• Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
• Carcinoma
• OTHER MALIGNANT TUMORS
• Summary
• References

34. Hematolymphoid Tumors of the Breast

• NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
• Introduction
• Major Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas Involving the Breast
• Other Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
• Plasmacytic Neoplasms
• Classic Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
• Myeloid Neoplasms and Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
• Histiocytic/Dendritic Cell Proliferations
• Summary
• References

35. Metastatic Tumors in the Breast

• NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
• Introduction
• Summary
• References

36. Next-Generation Sequencing and the Management of Patients With Clinically Advanced Breast Cancer

• Abstract
• Introduction
• History of DNA Sequencing and the Human Genome
• DNA Sequencing Technologies
• Comparison of Traditional and NGS Strategies for Cancer Cell Genomic Sequencing
• Challenges for Delivering NGS Results for Cancer Patients
• Next-Generation Sequencing in the Management of Clinically Advanced Breast Cancer
• Genomic Alterations in Uncommon Breast Cancer Subtypes
• Next-Generation Sequencing and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
• New Techniques Impacting the Molecular Management of Patients With Relapsed Breast Cancer
• Summary
• References

Index

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