Clinical Algorithms in General Surgery. A Practical Guide

Management of Cutaneous Melanoma.- Basal Cell Carcinoma.- Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- Management of Soft Tissue Sarcoma.- Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection.- Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx (OPSCC).- Evaluation of Neck Mass.- Evaluation of an Enlarged Cervical Lymph Node.- Salivary Gland Tumors.- Massive Hemoptysis.- Mediastinal Masses.- Tracheal Stenosis.- Incidental Lung Nodule.- Management of Lung Cancer.- Management of Empyema.- Management of Spontaneous Pneumothorax.- Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm.- Nipple Discharge.- Breast Mass Evaluation.- Ductal Carcinoma in situ.- Lobular Carcinoma in situ.- Enlarged Axillary Lymph Node.- Metastatic Breast Cancer.- Recurrent Breast Cancer.- Paget's Disease.- Locoregional Recurrence of Breast Cancer.- Metastatic Breast Cancer.- Inflammatory Breast Cancer.- Breast Reconstruction.- Management of Male Breast Cancer.- Management of Esophageal Motility Disorders.- Management of Achalasia.- Barrett's Esophagitis.- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.- Hiatal Hernia.- Esophageal Carcinoma.- Esophageal Perforation.- Acidic and Basic injuries.- Gastric Ulcer Management.- Duodenal Ulcer Management.- Complications of Peptic Ulcer Disease.- Management of Recurrent Peptic Ulcer Disease.- Management of Gastric Cancer.- Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.- Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage.- Small Bowel Obstruction.- Small Bowel Tumors.- Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors.- Management of Enterocutaneous Fistulas.- Management of Chron's Disease.- Management of Postoperative Ileus.- Management of Gallstone Illeus.- Management of Short Bowel Syndrome.- Management of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding.- Management of Diverticulitis.- Management of Large Bowel Obstruction.- Management of Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction.- Management of Colonic Volvulus.- Appendicitis.- Ulcerative Colitis.- Crohn's Colitis.- Ischemic Colitis.- Clostridium Difficile Colitis.- Hereditary Colon Cancer Syndromes.- Colon Polyps.- Colon Cancer.- Rectal Prolapse.- Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome.- Rectal Cancer.- Rectovaginal Fistula.- Management of Hemorrhoids.- Management of Anal Fissure.- Management of Perianal Abscess and Fistula-in-Ano.- Management of Anal Cancer.- Management of Fecal Incontinence.- Evaluation of Liver Nodule.- Cystic Diseases of the Liver.- Management of Benign Liver Masses.- Hepatic Abscess.- Malignant Liver Tumors (Metastatic Liver Disease).- Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- Diagnosis and Management of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.- Portal Hypertension and Shunting.- Acute Cholecystitis and Biliary Colic.- Acalculous Cholecystitis.- Post cholecystectomy.- Management of Post-cholecystectomy Cholangitis.- Management of Choledocholithiasis.- Acute Cholangitis.- Cholangiocarcinoma.- Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer.- Choledochal Cysts.- Cholecystectomy of the Pregnant Patient.- Acute Pancreatitis.- Chronic Pancreatitis.- Pancreas Divisum.- Walled-off Pancreatic Fluid Collections.- Periampullary Carcinoma.- Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms.- Pancreatic Necrosis.- Management of Splenic Abscess.- Atraumatic Indications for Splenectomy.- Hypothyroidism.- Hyperthyroidism.- Thyroiditis.- Goiter.- Thyroid Nodule.- Thyroid Cancer.- Hyperparathyroidism.- Cushing's Syndrome and Disease.- Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome).- Glucagonoma.- Management of Pheochromocytoma.- Management of Aldosteronoma.- Management of Gastrinoma.- Management of Insulinoma.- Management of Somatostatinoma.- Management of VIPoma.- Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.- Tracheoesophageal Fistula.- Other Diaphragmatic Hernias: Late-presenting Bochdalek Hernia, Morgagni Hernia, and Giant Hiatal Hernia of Infancy.- Duodenal Obstruction in Newborns.- Small Intestinal Atresia.- Management of Malrotation.- Management of Imperforate Anus.- Hirschsprung Disease.- Pediatric Inguinal Hernia.- Meconium Ileus.- Pediatric Intussusception.- Management of Pyloric Stenosis.- Necrotizing Enterocolitis.- Omphalocele and Gastroschisis.- Biliary Atresia.- Carotid Artery Stenosis.- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.- Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.- Aortic Dissection.- Acute Lower Extremity Ischemia.- Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia.- Intermittent Claudication.- Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis.- Management of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia.- Management of Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia.- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.- AV Shunt Complications.- Management of the Renal Mass.- Prostate Cancer.- Management of Scrotal/Testicular Mass.- Diagnosis and Management of Fournier's Gangrene.- Hypotension and Blunt Abdominal Trauma.- Traumatic Brain Injury.- Penetrating Neck Trauma.- Penetrating Chest Trauma.- ED Thoracotomy.- Blunt Chest Wall Trauma.- Blunt Cardiac Injury.- Deceleration Injury - Blunt Aortic Injury.- Penetrating Abdominal Trauma.- Blunt Abdominal Trauma.- Management Algorithm for Acute and Chronic Diaphragmatic Injuries.- Management of Traumatic Liver Injuries.- Management of Pancreatic Trauma.- Management of Traumatic Splenic Injuries.- Management of Kidney and Ureter Injuries.- Urethral Injuries.- Pelvic Fractures.- Bladder Injuries.- Rectal Injuries.- Extremity Compartment Syndrome.- Management of Intracranial Hemorrhage.- Airway Management.- Intubation and Extubation.- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).- Management of Sepsis.- Management of Shock.- Blood Transfusion Indications.- Abdominal Compartment Syndrome.- Acute Renal Failure.- Post-operative Pulmonary Emboli.- Burns Management.- Acid-Base Disorders.- Hyponatremia.- Hypernatremia.- Hypokalemia.- Hyperkalemia.- Management of Hypocalcemia.- Management of Hypercalcemia.- Paradoxical Aciduria.- Inguinal Hernia.- Recurrent Inguinal Hernia.- Femoral Hernia.- Obturator Hernia.- Ventral Hernia Repair.- Incarcerated and Strangulated Hernia.- Management of Open Abdomen.- Abdominal Wall Reconstruction.- Indications for Bariatric Surgery.- Work-up of Abdominal Pain in the Bariatric Patient.- Internal Hernia - Diagnosis and Treatment.- Marginal Ulcer: Diagnosis and Treatment.- Ventral Hernia Repair in Bariatric Patients.- Acute Leak Following Bariatric Surgery.- Vitamin and Micronutrient Deficiencies After Bariatric Surgery.- Pregnancy and Cholelithiasis.- Pregnancy and Appendicitis.- Pregnancy and Breast Cancer.- Pregnancy and Hernia.

As the field of general surgery continues to expand, the diagnostic and therapeutic pathways are becoming more complex. The diagnostic modalities available to the clinician can be both very helpful but also overwhelming considering the findings can often determine the scope of treatment for a patient.

This text will take the major pathologies of the systems commonly studied in general surgery and present them in a unique format based upon algorithms. The algorithms will begin with the clinical presentation of the patient, work its way through the various diagnostic modalities available to the surgeon, and finally allow the physician to make a decision regarding treatment options based upon various patterns in the algorithms.

This text will become a very useful resources for surgeons as it allows complex clinical pathways to be conveniently organized in logical algorithms. It will become a concise yet comprehensive manual to assist in clinical decision making. All algorithms will be reviewed by experts in their field and include the most up-to-date clinical and evidence-based information.

Clinical Algorithms in General Surgery provides a useful resource for surgeons in clinical practice as well as surgical residents, and surgical attendings who are preparing for board examinations.

Salvatore Docimo, Jr. Stony Brook Medicine. Stony Brook, NY. USA
Eric M. Pauli. Penn State Hershey Medical Center. Hershey, PA. USA