Anatomy and Histology of The Domestic Chicken

List of Contributors xix

Foreword xxi

Preface xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

Lists of Abbreviations xxvii

1 External Features of Chicken 1
Wael Khamas and Josep Rutllant

1.1 Skin 1

1.2 Structures Associated with the Skin 2

1.3 Feathers 5

1.4 Lamellar Corpuscles 9

1.5 Molting 9

1.6 Debeaking 11

1.7 Eyelids Including Third Eyelid 11

1.8 Vent 11

1.9 Uropygial Gland 12

1.10 Brood Pad 12

1.11 Bursa Sterni 13

1.12 Legs 13

1.13 Thermoregulation 15

2 Skeletal System 19
Wael Khamas, Josep Rutllant, and Ken Noriega

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Cartilage and Bone Embryonic Origin 19

2.3 Cartilage Cell Types 19

2.4 Type of Cartilages 20

2.5 Cartilage Development 20

2.6 Calcium Homeostasis 20

2.7 Bone Cell Types 21

2.8 Ossification 22

2.9 Axial Skeleton 25

2.10 Sesamoid Bones 26

2.11 Pneumatic Bones 27

2.12 Pectoral Girdle 27

2.13 Pectoral Limb (Wing) 28

2.14 Pelvic Girdle 29

2.15 Pelvic Limb 29

2.16 Arthrosis (Joints) 31

3 Muscular System 35
Ken Noriega, Thomas Marino, and Wael Khamas

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Muscle Histology 35

3.3 Muscle Nomenclature 37

3.4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 37

3.5 Muscle Cells 38

3.6 Skeletal Muscle Blood Supply 38

3.7 Skeletal Muscle Innervation 38

3.8 Muscle Spindle 38

3.9 Tendon 39

3.10 General Description of Skeletal Muscle 39

3.11 Cutaneous Muscles 40

3.12 Flight Muscles 40

3.13 Muscles of the Pelvic Region 44

3.14 Abdominal Muscles 46

4 Digestive System 49
Josep Rutllant and Wael Khamas

4.1 Introduction 49

4.2 Oral Cavity and Pharynx 49

4.3 Hyoid Apparatus (Hyoglossal, Hyolingual, or Hyobranchial) 53

4.4 Esophagus (Pars cervicalis, Crop, and Pars thoracica) 54

4.5 Stomach(Proventriculus and Ventriculus) 56

4.6 Small Intestine 59

4.7 Large Intestine 62

4.8 Cloaca 63

4.9 Vent 65

4.10 Liver (Hepar, Jecur) 65

4.11 Pancreas 67

5 Respiratory System 71
Hrvoje Smodlaka and Wael Khamas

5.1 Introduction 71

5.2 Nostrils and Nasal Cavity 71

5.3 Larynx (Larynx Cranialis), Upper Larynx 73

5.4 Trachea 74

5.5 Syrinx (Larynx Caudalis), Lower Larynx 75

5.6 Lungs 76

5.7 Direction of Airflow 78

5.8 Blood-Gas Barrier 79

5.9 Air Sacs 79

6 Urinary System 83
Wael Khamas and Josep Rutllant

6.1 Introduction 83

6.2 Kidney 83

6.3 Ureter 89

6.4 Urodeum 90

6.5 Blood Supply 90

6.6 Innervation 90

6.7 Urine 91

7 Reproductive System 93
Josep Rutllant and Wael Khamas

7.1 Male Reproductive System 93

7.2 Female Reproductive System 99

8 Endocrine System 109
Manel Lopez-Bejar

8.1 Introduction 109

8.2 Physiological Balance 110

8.3 Major Endocrine Glands 110

9 Sense Organs 125
Wael Khamas and Josep Rutllant

9.1 The Eye 125

9.2 The Ear 132

10 The Cardiovascular System 139
Thomas Marino and Wael Khamas

10.1 Introduction 139

10.2 Heart 139

10.3 General Arterial System 143

10.4 Venous System 148

10.5 Sites for Blood Collection 148

10.6 Hepatic Portal System 149

10.7 Renal Portal System 149

10.8 Carotid Body/Carotid Sinus 149

11 The Lymphatic System 153
Wael Khamas and Josep Rutllant

11.1 Introduction 153

11.2 Cells of the Lymphatic System 153

11.3 Common Terms Used with the Lymphatic System 157

11.4 Primary Lymphatic Organs 157

11.5 Secondary Lymphatic Organs 161

11.6 Maternal Transfer of Immunity 168

11.7 Lymphatic Vessels 168

12 Nervous System 171
Wael Khamas, Josep Rutllant, and Hrvoje Smodlaka

12.1 Introduction 171

12.2 Neuron171

12.3 Ganglion 172

12.4 Glial Cells (Neuroglia) 172

12.5 Peripheral Nervous System Cells 174

12.6 Meninges 174

12.7 Brain Ventricles 175

12.8 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 175

12.9 Blood Brain Barrier 175

12.10 Cerebrum 176

12.11 Reticular Formation 179

12.12 SpinalCord 179

12.13 Glycogen Bodies 180

12.14 Autonomic Nervous System 180

13 Applied Chicken Anatomy 183
Teresa Y. Morishita and Robert E. Porter Jr

13.1 Examining from a Distance 183

13.2 Physical Examination 185

13.3 Specialized Clinical Procedures 190

14 Chicken Necropsy 193
Miguel D. Saggese

14.1 Introduction193

14.2 Euthanasiaand Carcass Disposal 193

14.3 Chicken Disposal 194

14.4 Facilities and Materials Needed 194

14.5 Whole Carcass Conservation 196

14.6 Necropsy Protocol 196

15 The Egg Anatomy 209
Josep Rutllant and Wael Khamas

15.1 Introduction 209

15.2 The Germinal Disc 209

15.3 The Yolk 209

15.4 The Albumen 211

15.5 The Eggshell 212

16 Fertilization and Chick Embryo Development 217
Josep Rutllant and Wael Khamas

16.1 Introduction 217

16.2 Avian Fertilization 217

16.3 ChickEmbryo Development 220

References 224

Index 227

Comprehensive reference describing in-depth anatomy and histology of the domestic chicken, depicted through high quality macro- and micro-photographs

Anatomy and Histology of the Domestic Chicken is a state-of-the-art atlas of avian anatomy that provides a complete collection of both original gross anatomy and histology photographs and texts of all body systems of the birds based on the domestic chicken to depict anatomic features. Using cutting-edge technology to create visualizations of anatomic structures, this exhaustive reference includes both gross anatomical structures/organs and their histological details next to each other. This approach enables readers to understand the macro- and micro-pictures of each organ/structure under study.

The text includes a total of more than 200 high-resolution, high quality color images and diagrams. Written by two highly qualified professors with significant experience in the field, Anatomy and Histology of the Domestic Chicken includes information on:

• External features of the body, including regions, features, ornaments, shape, feathers, skin, and the uropygial gland
• Musculoskeletal characteristics including cartilage and bone formation and classification, as well as flight and ambulatory muscles
• Digestive system, including the beak, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestines, and accessory glands
• Respiratory system, including external nares, nasal cavity, trachea, upper larynx, syrinx, lungs, and air sacs
• Urinary system, including kidneys and the ureter, cloaca-urodeum, and genital system, covering differences between males and females
• Endocrine system, including pituitary, pineal, adrenal, pancreas, thyroid, and parathyroid glands
• Nervous system with central and peripheral divisions and sense organs including eye and ear
• Lymphatic system, with descriptions of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs
• Egg anatomy and development of the chick embryo
• Applied anatomical concepts important for clinical maneuvers and necropsy

With comprehensive coverage of the subject and highly detailed photographs included throughout the text, Anatomy and Histology of the Domestic Chicken is an indispensable resource for breeders, veterinarians, researchers, avian biologists, pathologists, and students in animal sciences and veterinary fields.

Wael Khamas, BVMS, MS, PhD has more than thirty years of experience in Anatomy and Histology. He is currently Professor of Anatomy and Histology at CVM Western University of Health Sciences.

Josep Rutllant, DVM, PhD is Professor of Anatomy and Embryology at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences.