Practical Approach to Opthalmoscopic Retinal Diagnosis

CONTENTS

1. Anatomy of Structures Related to the Fundus

2. Examination Techniques and Investigations

3. Lesions of the Optic Nerve Head
Swollen Optic Nerve Head (ONH)
Pale Optic Nerve Head
Excavations of the Optic Nerve Head
Anomalous Tissue on and around the Optic Nerve Head
Disks of Abnormal Size

4. Macula
Thickening/Elevation of the Macula
Wrinkling of the Macula
Well-defined Red Lesions
Altered Pigmentation at the Macula
Scars
Predominantly Subretinal Lesions
Crystalline Deposits
Abnormalities in the Vasculature of the Macula

5. Lesion of the Retina
Red Colored Lesions
Small, White Fluffy Lesions
Multiple Disseminated Yellowish Lesions
Extensive Well-demarcated White Lesions
Extensive Ill-defined Yellowish-white Lesions
Large Areas of Greyish-white Opalescence
Pigmented Lesions
Hypopigmented Fundus
Practical Approach to Ophthalmoscopic Retinal Diagnosis

6. Abnormalities in the Retinal Vasculature
Diseases with Primarily Alterations in the Wall and Caliber of the Blood Vessels
Diseases with Primarily Abnormal Retinal Vessels
Diseases with Primarily Retinal Hemorrhages
Diseases with Primarily Retinal Exudates

7. Peripheral Retinal and Choroidal Lesions
Cigar/Spindle Shaped Lesions Lying Circumferentially
Well-demarcated Red Areas
Cyst-like Lesions
Small Triangular Tent-like Lesions
Pigmented Lesions
Grey/White Lesions
Lesions due to Abnormal Architecture of the Oral Bay

8. Mass Lesions of the Fundus
Brown Mass Lesions
White Mass Lesions
Reddish Orrange Mass Lesion
Yellow Mass Lesions
Grey Elevation
Diffuse Mass Lesions
Multifocal and Bilateral Mass Lesions

9. Lesions of the Vitreous
Small Opacities, Allowing Good Retinal View
Medium Sized Opacities, Partially Hampering Retinal View
Large Opacities, Occluding Retinal View
Membrane-like Lesions
Suggested Readings

Index