Pediatric Surgery Digest + Dvd

About this book

Pediatric Surgery Digest offers a praxis-oriented and up-to-date overview of all subjects in pediatric surgery according to the European surgical curriculum. Additionally, interdisciplinary aspects concerning pediatrics, adult surgery, obstetrics and other disciplines working with children were considered. The tables enable quick access to indications for the operative and conservative therapy with schematic step-by-step illustrations for nearly all surgical procedures. Practical information on child-adapted dosage for pharmacotherapy as well as age-specific injury patterns from scalding in young children to spleen rupture in teenaged vehicle users are taken into consideration. The surgical role in modern pediatric oncology is also presented according to the guidelines of SIOP. European pediatric surgeons, experts in their field, have written this book for students and trainees, but also for anybody who treats children surgically.

Written for: Residents in pediatric surgery, pediatric surgeons

Keywords:

• Abdomen
• Children
• Emergencies
• Imaging
• Urogenital

Contens

PART I INTRODUCTION

1 Introduction 3
Zacharias Zachariou
1.1 What is Pediatric Surgery? 3
1.2 Timing of Operations in Pediatric Surgical Patients 5
1.3 Preoperative Management 6
1.4 The Newborn as a Pediatric Surgical Patient 8

PART II GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

2 Enteral/Parenteral Nutrition in Infants and Children 15
Athanasios Zavitsanakis
2.1 Nutrition of the Newborn 15
2.2 Vascular Access in Infants and Children 21
2.3 Parenteral Nutrition 29
2.4 Dehydration/Rehydration 37
2.5 Antibiotics 44
3 Emergencies/Resuscitation 53
Ernest Van Heurn
3.1 Systemic Infections in Newborns 53
3.2 Shock 54
3.3 Hypoglycemia 60
3.4 Acid–Base Balance 61
3.5 Resuscitation 64
3.6 Ventilation 75
3.7 Circulatory Resuscitation 81
3.8 Defibrillation 84
4 Blood/Blood Products Transfusion 87
Ernest Van Heurn
4.1 Blood Transfusion 87
4.2 Platelet Transfusion 90
4.3 Fresh Frozen Plasma Transfusion 90
5 Pain Management 91
Ernest Van Heurn
5.1 WHO Grades for Analgesia 91
6 Wounds/Surgical Techniques 93
Juan A. Tovar
6.1 General Considerations 93
6.2 Wound Healing 94
6.3 Common Types of Surgical Incisions 96
6.4 Skin Flaps 99
6.5 Skin Grafts 101
6.6 Surgical Sutures 102
7 Minimal Invasive Surgery Principles 117
Zacharias Zachariou
7.1 General Considerations 117
7.2 Instrumentation 119
7.3 Indications 120
7.4 Ergonomics 122
8 Imaging in Pediatric Surgery 125
Ognyan Brankov
8.1 General Considerations 125
8.2 Common Radiographic Images 126
8.3 Nomograms for Organ Size 135
8.4 Conventional X-rays 139
8.5 Ultrasonography 141
9 Expert Opinion 147
Ioan Paraian
9.1 General Considerations 147
9.2 Examination of the Musculoskeletal Apparatus 148
9.3 Anthropometric Measures 150
10 Special Situations 165
Steffen Berger1, Valerie Oesch2
10.1 The Polytraumatized Child1 165
10.2 Child Abuse2 171
11 Birth Trauma 179
Ray Fitzgerald, Ingo Königs
11.1 Skull 179
11.2 Extremities 180
12 Skull 183
Ray Fitzgerald, Ingo Königs
12.1 Congenital Osteocutaneous Defect 183
12.2 Encephalocele 183
12.3 Hydrocephalus 185
12.4 Craniosynostosis 189
12.5 Brain Injuries 191
12.6 Skull Fractures 195
13 Spinal Column 197
Ray Fitzgerald, Ingo Königs
13.1 Spina Bifida/Meningocele/Myelomeningocele 197
14 Face 203
Peter Raine
14.1 Oral Cavity 203
14.2 Face 205
15 Neck 215
Peter Raine
15.1 Median and Lateral Neck Masses 215
15.2 Congenital Malformations 216
15.3 Infections 221
16 Thorax 227
Alexander Rokitansky
16.1 General Considerations 227
16.2 Chest Wall 241
16.3 Pleura and Pleural Cavity 259
16.4 Laryngotracheal Lesions 268
16.5 Lung 275
16.6 Mediastinum 301
17 Diaphragm 305
Juan A. Tovar
17.1 Diaphragmatic Hernia 305
17.2 Fetoscopic Approach (FETENDO) 310
17.3 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 311
17.4 Diaphragmatic Eventration 312
17.5 Gastroesophageal Reflux/Paraesophageal Hernia 314
17.6 Traumatic Diaphragm Rupture 321
18 Esophagus 323
Zacharias Zachariou
18.1 Esophageal Stenosis 323
18.2 Corrosive Esophagitis 327
18.3 Achalasia 330
18.4 Esophageal Atresia 333
18.5 Esophagotracheal H-Fistulas 347
18.6 Esophageal Dilatation 349
18.7 Esophageal Varices 349
19 Abdominal Wall 353
Ole Henrik Nielsen
19.1 Umbilical Hernia 353
19.2 Supraumbilical Hernia 355
19.3 Omphaloenteric Duct 357
19.4 Urachal Cysts/Urachal Fistulas 359
19.5 Inguinal Hernia 361
19.6 Femoral Hernia 365
19.7 Other Types of Hernias 367
19.8 Hydrocele 367
19.9 Omphalocele (Exomphalos) 369
19.10 Laparoschisis (Gastroschisis) 374
20 Abdomen 379
Zacharias Zachariou
20.1 Principles of Abdominal Surgery 379
20.2 Organ Anatomy 379
20.3 Anatomical Abdominal Particularities in Children 384
20.4 Abdominal Incisions 384
20.5 Common Bowel Surgical Techniques 386
21 Stomach and Duodenum 389
Paul D. Losty1, Sarah L. Almond1, Nicola P. Smith1,
Zacharias Zachariou2
21.1 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis1 389
21.2 Gastrostomy2 393
21.3 Duodenal Atresia and Stenosis1 398
22 Intestinal Congenital Malformations 405
Aigars Petersons1, Leif Olsen2
22.1 Jejunoileal/Colonic Atresia1 405
22.2 Malrotation/Ladd’s Bands1 411
22.3 Intestinal Volvulus1 416
22.4 Duplications of the Gastrointestinal Tract1 417
22.5 Stoma Complications2 422
22.6 Short Bowel Syndrome2 423

PART III SPECIFIC DISEASES

23 Intestinal Diseases 431
Jean Michel Guys, Geraldine Hery, Mirna Haddad
23.1 Meconium Ileus 431
23.2 Necrotizing Enterocolitis 437
23.3 Meckel’s Diverticulum 439
23.4 Intussusception 441
23.5 Appendicitis 445
24 Anorectal Diseases 451
Risto Rintala1, Leif Olsen2
24.1 Bowel Washout1 451
24.2 Chronic Constipation1 452
24.3 Anorectal Manometry1 457
24.4 Rectal/Colonic Biopsy1 458
24.5 Hirschsprung’s Disease1 460
24.6 Allied Hirschsprung’s Disease1 472
24.7 Anorectal Malformations1 474
24.8 Anal Fissures1 494
24.9 Anal Fistulas1 496
24.10 Rectal Prolapse2 498
24.11 Colonoscopy2 499
24.12 Large Bowel Polyps2 501
25 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 503
Leif Olsen
25.1 Ulcerative Colitis 503
25.2 Crohn’s Disease 508
26 Blunt Abdominal Trauma 511
Leif Olsen
27 Liver and Pancreas 515
Claude Le Coultre1, Jean-Bernard Otte2, Constantin Tica3
27.1 Nesidioblastosis/Congenital Hyperinsulinism1 515
27.2 Congenital Biliary Atresia1 519
27.3 Choledochal Cyst1 525
27.4 Cholelithiasis1 529
27.5 Parasitic Liver Cysts3 533
27.6 Nonparasitic Liver Cysts2 535
27.7 Benign Liver Tumors2 536
27.8 Liver Transplantation2 539
28 Pediatric Surgical Oncology 541
Ray Fitzgerald1, Jan Godzinski2, Antonio Gentil Martins3,
Jean-Bernard Otte4, Peter Raine5, Alexander Rokitansky6,
Constantin Tica7, Zacharias Zachariou8
28.1 Pediatric Tumor Patients8 541
28.2 Hemangioma/Vascular Malformations8 545
28.3 Lymphangioma/Cystic Neck Hygroma5 548
28.4 Lymphoma5 552
28.5 Neuroblastoma2 554
28.6 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma1 563
28.7 Lung Tumors6 566
28.8 Parasitic Lung Tumors7 568
28.9 Mediastinal Tumors6 570
28.10 Malignant Liver Tumors4 572
28.11 Nephroblastoma2 579
28.12 Ovarian Tumors2 592
28.13 Testicular Tumors2 594
28.14 Soft Tissue Sarcomas3 596
28.15 Rhabdomyosarcoma3 597
28.16 Ewing’s Sarcoma3 600
28.17 Osteosarcoma3 602
29 Urogenital Tract 605
Wolfram Kluwe
29.1 General Considerations 605
29.2 Organ Anatomy 606
29.3 Vascular Anatomy 608
29.4 Development of the Genital Organs in Puberty 610
29.5 Pathophysiology 611
29.6 Principles of Pediatric Urology 612
30 Penis 615
Ahmed T. Hadidi
30.1 Phimosis/Paraphimosis 615
30.2 Hypospadias 618
31 Testicles 641
Gian Battista Parigi
31.1 Cryptorchidism 641
31.2 Testicular Torsion 648
31.3 Testicular Appendages Torsion 651
31.4 Varicocele 652
32 Vagina and External Female Genitalia 657
Gian Battista Parigi
32.1 Labial Synechiae 657
32.2 Hymeneal Atresia 658
33 Ovarian Cysts 659
Gian Battista Parigi
34 Kidney and Bladder 661
Andras Pinter
34.1 Urinary Tract Infection 661
34.2 Vesicoureteral Reflux 662
34.3 Ureterovesical Junction Obstruction/Megaureter 668
34.4 Ureteric Duplication 670
34.5 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction/Hydronephrosis 674
34.6 Cutaneous Ureterostomy 677
34.7 Posterior Urethral Valves 679
34.8 Bladder Exstrophy 682
34.9 Bladder Augmentation 688
34.10 Mitrofanoff Procedure 689
34.11 Intersex 691
34.12 Renal Malformations 696
34.13 Nephrolithiasis 697
34.14 Urinary Incontinence 699
34.15 Bladder Rupture 702
34.16 Urethral Injuries 704
35 Kidney Insufficiency 707
Zacharias Zachariou
36 Skin and Soft Tissues 711
Aigars Petersons
36.1 Pigmented Nevi 711
36.2 Dermoid Cysts 712
36.3 Lymphadenitis 713
36.4 Burns 714
37 Osteoarticular System 721
Antonio Gentil Martins
37.1 Trigger Thumb 721
37.2 Polydactyly 722
37.3 Syndactyly 723
37.4 Hand Trauma Treatment 724
37.5 Ganglions/Baker’s Cyst 727
37.6 Congenital Hip Dislocation 728
37.7 Osteomyelitis 730
38 Skeletal System 735
Theddy Slongo
38.1 General Considerations 735
38.2 Classification 736
38.3 Skeleton Standard and Special X-rays 747
38.4 Development of Ossification Centers 750
38.5 Plaster Immobilization 753
38.6 Therapy Principles 755
38.7 Spinal Injuries 762
38.8 Sling-Shot Injury of the Cervical Spine 764
38.9 Pectoral Girdle and Clavicle 765
38.10 Humeral Fractures 766
38.11 Elbow Joint Region Fractures 769
38.12 Forearm Fractures 776
38.13 Wrist and Hand Fractures 779
38.14 Pelvic Ring Fractures 781
38.15 Lower Limb Fractures 784
38.16 Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia Fractures 788
38.17 Patella Fractures and Dislocations 791
38.18 Tibial Shaft Fractures 793
38.19 Distal Tibia and Ankle Joint Fractures 794
38.20 Foot Fractures 799

PART IV APPENDICES

39 Embryology 803
Calin Ordeanu
39.1 Embryological Organ Development 803
39.2 Fetal Circulation 803
39.3 Newborn Icterus 803
39.4 Segmental Innervation 806
40 Vaccination 807
Calin Ordeanu
40.1 Vaccines 807
40.2 Rabies Vaccination 807
41 Notifiable Infectious Diseases 811
Calin Ordeanu
42 Fever Types 815
Calin Ordeanu
43 Catheter Size 817
Calin Ordeanu
44 Reference Values 821
Zacharias Zachariou, Remus Vezan
45 Commonly Used Pharmaceuticals 841
Zacharias Zachariou, Remus Vezan
46 Syndromes 857
Zacharias Zachariou, Remus Vezan
47 List of Figure Sources 863
Subject Index 867