Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

About this textbook

The most comprehensive textbook of pediatric critical care medicine: professionals don’t need to go anywhere else
First ostensibly evidence-based pediatric critical care textbook – a genuine groundbreaker from Springer
Each major section consists of separate chapters dedicated to reviewing the specific disease processes affecting each organ system, making this a user-friendly treatment of the subject
Graded references at the end of each chapter facilitate further research

The definitive evidence-based resource for pediatric critical care, this new book will be highly valued in medical environments across the globe.
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine spans two volumes, with major sections dedicated to specific organ systems.
It is the most comprehensive textbook now available of pediatric critical care medicine and the first ostensibly evidence-based pediatric critical care textbook.
Each major section consists of separate chapters dedicated to reviewing the specific disease processes affecting each organ system.
Each chapter concludes with an exhaustive list of graded references, with brief, concise remarks denoting references of ‘special interest’ and ‘of interest’. This brilliant resource is a highly useful resource for hard-pressed operatives wanting to extend their breadth of knowledge.
Consequently, the book is unique in its comprehensive coverage of pediatric critical care and its ease of use, and will be of value to those studying towards pediatric critical care examinations and those who are already qualified.

Written for:

Clinicians and students of critical care, all who work with children on pediatric intensive care or general wards

Keywords:

• Acute Pediatric Medicine
• Critical Care
• Emergency Medicine
• Intensive Care
• Pediatric Critical Care
• Pediatric Intensive Care

Table of contents

Foreword by Thomas P. Green and George Lister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Preface: “Promises to Keep” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
A Tribute to Peter J. Safar, MD by John J. Downes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii

Section I The Practice of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

1 Development of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine—How Did We Get Here and Why? - John J. Downes
2 Epidemiology of Critical Illness - R. Scott Watson and Mary E. Hartman
3 Ethics in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - K. Sarah Hoehn and Robert M. Nelson
4 The Patient’s Family in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Sol J. Goldstein and I. David Todres
5 Scoring Systems in Critical Care - Thomas J. Cholis, III and Murray M. Pollack
6 Outcomes and Quality: Defi nitions, Assessment, and Analysis - Susan L. Bratton and James P. Marcin
7 Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Administration - Lorry R. Frankel
8 Nursing Care in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Franco A. Carnevale
9 The Physician–Scientist in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Thomas P. Shanley
10 Resident and Nurse Education in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Girish G. Deshpande, Gwen Lombard, and Adalberto Torres, Jr.
11 Evidence-Based Medicine in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Adrienne G. Randolph
12 Patient Safety in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - David C. Stockwell and Anthony D. Slonim
13 Pediatric Critical Care in Developing Countries - Gregory L. Stidham and William M. Novick
14 The Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the Future: Technological Advances in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine - Kenneth Tegtmeyer

Section II The Science of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

15 Molecular Biology in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Lesley A. Doughty
16 Genetic Polymorphisms in Critical Care and Illness - Mary K. Dahmer and Michael W. Quasney
17 Signal Transduction Pathways in Critical Illness and Injury - Timothy T. Cornell and Thomas P. Shanley
18 Proinfl ammatory and Antiinfl ammatory Mediators in Critical Illness - Daniel G. Remick
19 Endogenous Cytoprotective Mechanisms - Hector R. Wong
20 Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury - Basilia Zingarelli

Section III Resuscitation and Stabilization of the Critically Ill Child

21 Emergency Medical Services for Children - Derek S. Wheeler and Tom LeMaster
22 Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - Vinay M. Nadkarni and Robert A. Berg
23 Supplemental Oxygen and Bag-Valve-Mask Ventilation - Patricia Abboud, Jennifer Raake, and Derek S. Wheeler
24 Assessment and Management of the Pediatric Airway - Derek S. Wheeler, James P. Spaeth, Renuka Mehta, Suriyanarayana P. Hariprakash, and Peter N. Cox
25 Vascular Access - Jennifer Kaplan and Richard J. Brilli
26 Shock: An Overview - Joseph A. Carcillo, Derek S. Wheeler, Neil W. Kooy, and Thomas P. Shanley
27 Acute Respiratory Failure - Jennifer L. Turi and Ira M. Cheifetz
28 Pediatric Transport Medicine - Derek S. Wheeler and W. Bradley Poss
29 Withdrawal of Life Support - Kathleen L. Meert and Ashok P. Sarnaik
30 Brain Death - Sam D. Shemie
31 The Pathophysiology of Brain Death and Care of the Potential Organ Donor - Sam D. Shemie

Section IV The Respiratory Tract in Critical Illness and Injury

32 Respiratory Physiology - Howard E. Jeffries and Lynn D. Martin
33 Disorders of the Pediatric Chest - Margaret A. Chase and Derek S. Wheeler
34 Respiratory Monitoring - John Marcum and Christopher J.L. Newth
35 Bronchoscopy in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Robert E. Wood
36 Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Michael Vish and Thomas P. Shanley
37 Mechanical Ventilation - Alik Kornecki and Brian P. Kavanagh
38 Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury - Shinya Tsuchida and Brian P. Kavanagh
39 Prone Positioning - Nilesh M. Mehta and Martha A.Q. Curley
40 High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation - Kathleen M. Ventre and John H. Arnold
41 Pulmonary Surfactant: Biology and Therapy - Douglas F. Willson, Patricia R. Chess, Zhengdong Wang, and Robert H. Notter
42 Nitric Oxide - Emily L. Dobyns and Eva N. Grayck
43 Extracorporeal Life Support for Children With Acute Respiratory Failure - Heidi J. Dalton and Angela T. Wratney
44 Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract - Renuka Mehta, Suriyanarayana P. Hariprakash, Peter N. Cox, and Derek S. Wheeler
45 Congenital Airway and Respiratory Tract Anomalies - Michael J. Rutter
46 Status Asthmaticus - Derek S. Wheeler, Kristen Page, and Thomas P. Shanley
47 Bronchiolitis - Ann Marie LeVine
48 Pneumonia and Empyema - Imad Y. Haddad and David N. Cornfi eld
49 Pediatric Lung Transplantation - David N. Cornfi eld and Imad Y. Haddad
50 Neuromuscular Respiratory Failure - Margaret F. Guill and Thomas P. Shanley
51 Diseases of the Pulmonary Vascular System - Peter Oishi and Jeffrey R. Fineman

Section V The Cardiovascular System in Critical Illness and Injury

52 Developmental Cardiac Physiology - Keith C. Kocis, Ana Lia Graciano, and Jon N. Meliones
53 Hemodynamic Monitoring - Shane M. Tibby
54 Cardiopulmonary Interactions - Desmond J. Bohn
55 Echocardiography in the Pediatric Critical Care Setting - William L. Border, Erik C. Michelfelder, Kan Hor, and Dianna S. Meredith
56 Cardiac Catheterization in the Pediatric Critical Care Setting - Russell Hirsch and Robert H. Beekman, III
57 Introduction to Congenital Heart Disease: Nomenclature and Classification - James D. St. Louis
58 Palliative Procedures - Mark A. Scheurer and Andrew M. Atz
59 Congenital Heart Disease: Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions - Derek S. Wheeler, James D. St. Louis, and Catherine L. Dent
60 Congenital Heart Disease: Cyanotic Lesions with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow - John M. Costello and Peter C. Laussen
61 Congenital Heart Disease: Left Ventricular Outfl ow Tract Obstruction - John R. Charpie, Dennis C. Crowley, and Joseph N. Graziano
62 Congenital Heart Disease: Cyanotic Lesions with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow - Peter B. Manning and James D. St. Louis
63 Single-Ventricle Lesions - Steven M. Schwartz, David P. Nelson, Catherine L. Dent, Ndidi L. Musa, and Derek S. Wheeler
64 Vascular Rings and Associated Malformations - Carl L. Backer, Constantine Mavroudis, and Lauren D. Holinger
65 Cardiopulmonary Bypass - Kelly M. McLean, John P. Lombardi, and Jeffrey M. Pearl
66 Pediatric Myocardial Protection - Jeffrey M. Pearl, Jodie Y. Duffy, and Kelly M. McLean
67 Postoperative Care of the Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patient - Catherine L. Dent and Steven M. Schwartz
68 Mechanical Support of the Cardiovascular System: Extracorporeal Life Support/Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Ventricular Assist Devices - Heidi J. Dalton and Brian W. Duncan
69 Mechanical Support of the Cardiovascular System: Intraaortic Balloon Pumping in Children - L. LuAnn Minich and John A. Hawkins
70 Arrhythmias - Timothy K. Knilans
71 Infl ammatory Diseases of the Heart and Pericardium: Infective Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease - Michael H. Gewitz and Gary M. Satou
72 Infl ammatory Diseases of the Heart and Pericardium: Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis - Henry B. Wiles, Neil W. Kooy, and Derek S. Wheeler
73 Diseases of the Pericardium - Michael H. Gewitz, Gary M. Satou, and Derek S. Wheeler
74 Management of Hypertension in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Marianne N. Majdalani and Neil W. Kooy
75 Heart Transplantation - Shamel Abd-Allah and Paul A. Checchia

Section VI The Central Nervous System in Critical Illness and Injury

76 Central Nervous System Monitoring - Michael J. Bell and Taeun Chang
77 Molecular Biology of Brain Injury - Michael J. Whalen, Phoebe Yager, Eng H. Lo, Josephine Lok, and Natan Noviski
78 Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Management of Neurosurgical Diseases - Darlene A. Lobel, Mark R. Lee, and Ann-Christine Duhaime
79 Tumors of the Central Nervous System - Robert Tamburro, Raymond C. Barfi eld, and Amar Gajjar
80 Intracranial Hypertension - Steven G. Kernie and Samuel M. Lehman
81 Nonaccidental Trauma and Shaken Baby Syndrome - Robert C. Tasker
82 Evaluation of Coma - David J. Michelson and Stephen Ashwal
83 Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy After Cardiorespiratory Arrest - Dermot R. Doherty and James S. Hutchison
84 Toxic and Metabolic Encephalopathies - Ashok P. Sarnaik and Kathleen L. Meert
85 Infections of the Central Nervous System - Simon Nadel
86 Status Epilepticus - Richard F.M. Chin and Rod C. Scott
87 Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System - Cecil D. Hahn and Brenda L. Banwell

Section VII The Gastrointestinal Tract in Critical Illness and Injury

88 Gastrointestinal Bleeding - Renuka Mehta and Thomas P. Shanley
89 Acute Pancreatitis - Raffaele Pezzilli, Paola Tomassetti, Rosa Ceciliato, and Roberto Corinaldesi
90 Liver Failure in Infants and Children - Ann E. Thompson
91 Pediatric Liver Transplantation - Gregory M. Tiao and Frederick C. Ryckman
92 Perioperative Management of the Pediatric Surgical Patient - David E. Carney, Frederick J. Rescorla, and Jay L. Grosfeld
93 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Children - Gad Bar-Joseph and Raphael Beck
94 Nutritional Support of the Critically Ill Child - Michael S.D. Agus and Tom Jaksic
95 Nutritional Assessment of the Critically Ill Child - George Briassoulis

Section VIII The Endocrine System in Critical Illness and Injury

96 Inborn Errors of Metabolism - Nancy Doan Leslie
97 Endocrine Emergencies - Michael Bigham, Jennifer Kaplan, Neil W. Kooy, and Derek S. Wheeler
98 Endocrine Disorders in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Ruth Armano and Greet Van den Berghe

Section IX Fluids and Electrolytes in Critical Illness and Injury

99 Renal Physiology - Russell W. Chesney and Noel M. de los Santos
100 Electrolyte Disorders in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Gabriel J. Hauser and Aaron F. Kulick
101 Acid–Base Disorders in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - James D. Fortenberry, Kiran Hebbar, and Derek S. Wheeler
102 Renal Diseases in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Thrombotic Microangiopathy, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura - François Proulx and Vernon L. Tesh
103 Renal Disorders in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic Syndrome - Jen-Jar Lin and William E. Smoyer
104 Acute Renal Failure - Mai T. Nguyen and John J. Bissler
105 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - Kevin D. McBryde and Timothy E. Bunchman
106 Alternative Indications for Hemofi ltration - Joseph V. DiCarlo and Steven R. Alexander
107 Renal Transplantation - Coral D. Hanevold, James J. Wynn, and Luis A. Ortiz

Section X Hematologic/Oncologic Problems in Critical Illness and Injury

108 Transfusion Medicine - Jacques Lacroix, Marisa Tucci, France Gauvin, Baruch Toledano, and Heather Hume
109 Disorders of Blood Elements - Niranjan Kissoon
110 Coagulation, Anticoagulation, and Hemorrhage in the Intensive Care Setting - Geoffrey M. Fleming, Monika Gupta, and Gail M. Annich
111 Catheter-Related Occlusion and Thrombosis - Ranjit S. Chima and Brian R. Jacobs
112 Venous Thromboembolic Disease and Pulmonary Embolism in Children - N. William Parilla and Brian R. Jacobs
113 Care of the Oncology Patient in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Robert Tamburro, Raymond C. Barfi eld, Monika L. Metzger, Terrence L. Geiger, Sandy Call, and Kenneth W. Gow
114 Complications Requiring Critical Care Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - Kenneth R. Cooke, Paul Richardson, and Gregory A. Yanik

Section XI The Immune System in Critical Illness and Injury

115 Pharmacology of Immunosuppression - John F. Sommerauer
116 Primary and Secondary Immunodefi ciencies - Rajesh Aneja and Alexandre T. Rotta
117 Sepsis - Jan A. Hazelzet, Gertjan J.A. Driessen, Patricia Abboud, Derek S. Wheeler, Thomas P. Shanley, and Hector R. Wong
118 Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome - Katri Typpo and Michele Mariscalco
119 The Patient with the Human Immunodefi ciency Virus in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Amisha Malhotra, Steven Choi, and Daniel A. Notterman
120 Nosocomial Infections in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - Mark E. Rowin, Amit Vohra, and John C. Christenson
121 Anaphylaxis - Todd A. Levin, Cristina M. Mazzoni, and Dennis R. Ownby
122 Rheumatologic Disorders in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit -Steven W. Martin and Michael R. Anderson
123 Infectious Disease-Associated Syndromes - Isaac Lazar and Clifford W. Bogue

Section XII Trauma

124 Trauma Systems and Regionalization of Trauma Care - Dennis R. Durbin and Michael L. Nance
125 Head and Neck Trauma - Lisa Grimaldi, Charles L. Schleien, Derek A. Bruce, Amanda Yaun, and Derek S. Wheeler
126 Dental Trauma - William A. Greenhill and Murray Dock
127 Maxillofacial Trauma - Likith V. Reddy and Haithem Elhadi
128 Eye Trauma and Emergencies - Stephanie L. Goei, Heojeng Ooi, and Julian J. Nussbaum
129 Thoracic Trauma - Mindy B. Statter and Donald C. Liu
130 Abdominal Trauma - Rebeccah L. Brown
131 Genitourinary Trauma - R. Guy Hudson and George W. Kaplan
132 Orthopedic Trauma - Charles T. Mehlman and Alvin H. Crawford
133 Pediatric Burns - Grace Z. Mak, Steven R. Allen, and Richard J. Kagan

Section XIII Pharmacology and Toxicology in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

134 Introduction to Pharmacology - James A. Besunder and John Pope
135 Toxic Exposures: Diagnosis and Management - Karen S. Powers, Jill M. Cholette, and Patricia Abboud
136 Sedation and Analgesia - Joseph D. Tobias
137 Procedural Sedation and Anesthesia - Stephen D. Playfor and Neil S. Morton
138 Neuromuscular Blockade - Nicholas B. Slamon, Mary C. Theroux, and Andrew T. Costarino, Jr.

Section XIV Environmental Emergencies

139 Envenomations - James Tibballs, Christopher P. Holstege, and Derek S. Wheeler
140 Drowning and Near-Drowning - Laura M. Ibsen
141 Heat Illness and Hypothermia - Lynne W. Coule and William Wiers
142 Malignant Hyperthermia - Richard E. Berlin and Paul J. Samuels
143 Principles of Mass Casualty and Disaster Medicine - David Markenson, Gad Bar-Joseph, Michael Halberthal, and Derek S. Wheeler
144 An Overview of Chemical and Biologic Agents of Terrorism - Richard B. Schwartz, Phillip L. Coule, and David Markenson

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1765