Biomaterials for Artificial Organs

Description

- reviews the latest developments in biomaterials and investigates how they can be used to improve the quality and efficiency of artificial organs
- discusses commodity biomaterials including membranes for oxygenators and cobalt chromium alloys for hips and knees and polymeric joint-bearing surfaces for total joint replacements
- further biomaterials utilised in pacemakers, defibrillators, neurostimulators and mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valve are also explored
- investigates advanced and next generation biomaterials including small intestinal submucosa and other biomaterials for tissue repair and biomaterials for improving the blood and tissue compatibility of total artificial hearts (TAH) and ventricular assist devices (VAD)

The worldwide demand for organ transplants far exceeds available donor organs. Consequently some patients die whilst waiting for a transplant. Synthetic alternatives are therefore imperative to improve the quality of, and in some cases, save people’s lives. Advances in biomaterials have generated a range of materials and devices for use either outside the body or through implantation to replace or assist functions which may have been lost through disease or injury. Biomaterials for artificial organs reviews the latest developments in biomaterials and investigates how they can be used to improve the quality and efficiency of artificial organs.

Part 1 discusses commodity biomaterials including membranes for oxygenators and plasmafilters, titanium and cobalt chromium alloys for hips and knees, polymeric joint-bearing surfaces for total joint replacements, biomaterials for pacemakers, defibrillators and neurostimulators and mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves. Part 2 goes on to investigate advanced and next generation biomaterials including small intestinal submucosa and other decullarized matrix biomaterials for tissue repair, new ceramics and composites for joint replacement surgery, biomaterials for improving the blood and tissue compatibility of total artificial hearts (TAH) and ventricular assist devices (VAD), nanostructured biomaterials for artificial tissues and organs and matrices for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors Biomaterials for artificial organs is an invaluable resource to researchers, scientists and academics concerned with the advancement of artificial organs.

About the editors

Dr. Michael Lysaght was the Founder and Director Emeritus of Brown University, USA’s Center for Biomedical Engineering, and a retired member of the Brown Faculty. He sadly passed away before he could see this finished book and remains a widely recognized and well-respected figure in the field of biomedical engineering for his contributions to organ replacement technology.

Dr. Thomas Webster is an associate professor for the Division of Engineering and Department of Orthopaedics at Brown University, USA. He directs the Nanomedicine laboratory which designs, synthesizes, and evaluates nanomaterials for various implant applications and is noted for his work in this area.

Contents

PART 1 COMMODITY BIOMATERIALS

Membranes for oxygenators and plasmafilters
S Breiter, Membrana GmbH, Germany
- Introduction
- Membranes for blood oxygenation
- Membranes for plasma separation
- Economic considerations
- Future trends
- Abbreviations
- References

Titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys for hips and knees
C Yao, Nanovis LLC, J Lu and T J Webster, Brown University, USA
- Hip and knee joint replacement
- Challenges for current metal hip and knee implants
- Material fundamentals of titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys used in hip and knee replacement
- Advances in titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys used for joint implant
- Conclusions and future trends
- References

Polymeric joint bearing surfaces for total joint replacements
E Oral, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, USA
- Introduction
- Early development of joint bearing couples
- Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
- The introduction of high-dose crosslinking
- Failures in material development
- Joint-specific challenges and alternatives
- Future trends
- References

Biomaterials for pacemakers, defibrillators and neurostimulators
M J Ebert, Medtronic CRDM, S-P Lyu, Medtronic Strategy and Scientific Operations, M T Rise, Medtronic Neuromodulation and M F Wolf, Medtronic Strategy and Scientific Operations, USA
- Introduction
- Pacemakers
- Neurostimulators
- Engineering approaches to solve material problems
- Reliability and testing
- Future electrical stimulation devices
- Acknowledgements
- Sources of further information and advice
- References

Mechanical and bioprosthetic valves
M N Helmus, Biomedical Consultant and C M Cunanan, Cunanan Consulting, USA
- Introduction
- Mechanical valves
- Tissue valves
- Design considerations
- Material considerations
- Process considerations
- Additional considerations
- Emerging technology
- Applicable standards
- Conclusions and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- Dedication
- References

PART 2 ADVANCED AND NEXT GENERATION BIOMATERIALS

Small intestinal submucosa and other decullarized matrix biomaterials for tissue repair
M Hiles and J Hodde, Cook Biotech Incorporated, USA
- Introduction
- In situ tissue engineering
- Harvest from nature or build from scratch
- The extreme importance of processing
- Clinical lessons learned
- References

New ceramics and composites for joint replacement surgery
M N Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology and B Sonny Bal, University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, USA
- Introduction
- Ceramics for bearing applications
- Limitations of ceramics for bearing applications
- Development of ceramics for bearing applications
- Future developments in ceramic bearing materials
- Future trends
- References

Biomaterials for improving the blood and tissue compatibility of total artificial hearts (TAH) and ventricular assist devices (VAD)
D Ufuk Erbulut and I Lazoglu, Koc University, Turkey
- Introduction
- Historical background of cardiac assist devices
- Characterization of biomaterials: interaction with blood and tissue surface
- Biomaterials of current cardiac devices
- Modifications of biomaterials to enhance haemocompatibility and biocompatibility
- Preparation and testing for biocompatibility and haemocompatibility
- Future trends
- References

Nanostructured biomaterials for artificial tissues and organs
Y Chen and T J Webster, Brown University, USA
- Introduction and background of nanostructured biomaterials
- Nanostructured biomaterials for bone applications
- Nanostructured biomaterials for cartilage applications
- Nanostructured biomaterials for nervous system applications
- Nanostructured biomaterial applications for other tissues and organs
- Conclusions and future trends
- References

Matrices for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
D Gorth and T J Webster, Brown University, USA
- Introduction
- Design considerations for matrices
- Materials for natural matrices
- Materials for synthetic matrices
- Methods for polymer matrix fabrication
- Self-assembling peptide scaffolds
- Future trends
- References and further reading