Pediatric Endocrinology, 2 Vols.

OVERVIEW

Comprehensively address every topic and trend relevant to the identification, diagnosis, and management of endocrine and endocrine-related disorders in children.

Celebrating more than twenty years as the single best source in the field, this Fifth Edition has now expanded into two cornerstone volumes with 53 fully inclusive chapters and 77 renowned contributors that comprehensively address every topic and trend relevant to the identification, diagnosis, and management of endocrine and endocrine-related disorders in children.

Substantially revised, Volume 2 offers 33 chapters reflecting the current state of the field and analyzes the frequent clinical endocrine ailments affecting children. The partner volume, Volume 1, contains 20 chapters covering obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and hypoglycemia. This text is devoted to the diseases of the endocrine glands, including disorders of growth, the adrenal cortex and medulla, as well as sexual differentiation, thyroid, and parathyroid conditions and fluid balance alterations.

The only up-to-date source in the field to completely address the entire spectrum of conditions encountered by the pediatric endocrinologist, this volume of the Fifth Edition focuses on the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of the above mentioned disorders. Maintaining the features and editorial standards that led previous editions to become classic tomes in the field, this volume covers the frequent diseases and conditions encountered by pediatric endocrinologists on a day-to-day basis.

This volume:

• focuses on the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of growth, adrenal, sexual, thyroid, calcium, and water metabolism disorders
• contains new chapters on rickets, osteoporosis, brittle bone syndromes, advances in the care of growth hormone insufficiency, the molecular basis of growth disorders, and the IGF system for appropriate growth
• tracks the growth hormone deficient patient from adolescence through adulthood, and analyzes topics including skeletal dysplasia and the syndromes leading to overgrowth
• stands as a reliable guide to current standards and guidelines pertaining to the care of newborns with altered newborn screening tests for hypothyroidism, and adrenal hyperplasia
• considers the psychosocial issues faced by children with diseases of the endocrine glands
• studies the needs of patients with non-endocrine diseases associated with abnormal endocrine tests
• contains a detailed section on radiation terrorism that prepares pediatric endocrinologists for these special situations
• supplies a new segment on web resources to help physicians quickly find information on genetic syndromes in pediatric endocrinology
• addresses the diagnostics of endocrine function and disease with algorithms and updated tables, growth charts, dynamic endocrine and new genetic testing protocols, and methods for data interpretation

CONTENTS

Section I: Obesity

Obesity in Children

• §Prevalence
• §Morbidity
• §Economic Impact of Obesity
• §Assessment
• §Who Is at Risk?
• §Genetics
• §Food Intake Regulation
• §Hormonal Alterations
• §Energy Balance
• §Physical Activity and Fitness
• §Nutritional Considerations
• §Final Considerations
• §References

Treatment of Pediatric Obesity

• §Introduction
• §Prevention
• §Lifestyle-Based Treatments
• §Therapeutic Goals
• §Intensive Therapies
• §Conclusion and Final Considerations
• §References

Section II: Diabetes

Diabetes in the Child and Adolescent: Diagnosis and Classification

• §Introduction
• §Diagnosis
• §Etiologic Classification of Diabetes
• §Classification of Diabetes in Childhood
• §References

Type 1 Diabetes in the Child and Adolescent

• §Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• §Epidemiology
• §Etiology and Prevention
• §Clinical Picture
• §Complications
• §Conclusion
• §References

Diabetes Autoimmunity

• §Autoimmunity to the Pancreatic Islets
• §Etiopathogenesis
• §Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes
• §Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes
• §Environmental Triggers in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes
• §Islet Autoantibodies
• §Other Immune Abnormalities in Type 1 Diabetes
• §Prediction, Immunotherapy, and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes
• §Pancreas, Islet, and Stem Cell Transplantation
• §Clinical Approach to the Diagnosis of Diabetes
• §References

Management of the Child with Type 1 Diabetes

• §Introduction
• §Components of Management of Diabetes in Children
• §Management of Acute Complications
• §Therapeutic Objectives and Monitoring Requirements
• §The Therapeutic Team
• §Clinical Assessment and Therapeutic Decision Making
• §Consultations and Referrals
• §Future Directions
• §References

Practical Aspects of Diabetes Care

• §Introduction
• §Blood Glucose Monitoring
• §Insulin Injections
• §Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
• §Sick Day Management
• §Hypoglycemia
• §Exercise
• §Travel
• §New Gadgets
• §Diabetes Education
• §School Care
• §Diabetes Camp
• §Support Groups
• §Conclusion
• §References

Hyperglycemic Comas in Children

• §Introduction
• §Frequency
• §Pathophysiology
• §Morbidity and Mortality
• §Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
• §Rhabdomyolysis
• §Mucormycosis
• §Pancreatitis
• §Peripheral Venous Thrombosis
• §Intracerebral Complications Other than Idiopathic Cerebral Edema
• §Cerebral Edema
• §Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
• §Conclusions
• §References

Type 2 Diabetes in the Child and Adolescent

• §Introduction
• §Epidemiology
• §Etiology
• §Clinical Picture
• §Prevention and Treatment
• §References

Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth and Other Genetic Conditions Associated with Diabetes

• §Introduction
• §Beta Cell Function: A Review of Normal Physiology
• §Genetic Defects in Beta Cell Function
• §Genetic Defects in Insulin Action: Insulin Receptor and Post-Receptor Events
• §Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas
• §Other Genetic Syndromes Associated with DM
• §Clinical Commentary
• §Conclusion
• §References

Section III: Insulin Resistance and its Complications

Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Childhood and Beyond

• §Introduction
• §Epidemiology
• §Pathophysiology of IR
• §Pathogenesis and Genetics of IR
• §Clinical Features
• §Diagnosis
• §Screening
• §Treatment
• §Summary
• §References

Low Birth Weight and Endocrine Dysfunction in Postnatal Life

• §Introduction
• §Genetic Factors of Fetal Growth
• §In Utero Programming
• §Postnatal Programming of Endocrine Dysfunction
• §Mechanisms of Development of Insulin Resistance in Small-for-Gestational-Age Subjects
• §Gonadal and Adrenal Axis
• §Somatotropic Axis
• §Conclusions
• §References

Hypertension in Children: Endocrine Considerations

• §Introduction
• §Normal Blood Pressure and Its Definition
• §Etiology of Hypertension
• §Complications of Hypertension: Patterns and Diagnosis
• §Steroidogenic Enzyme Defects
• §Primary Aldosteronism: Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma and Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia
• §Glucocorticoid-Responsive Aldosteronism–Dexamethasone-Suppressible Hyperaldosteronism (OMIM # 103900)
• §Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (OMIM # 218030)
• §Mutations in Renal Transporters Causing Low-Renin Hypertension
• §Cushing Syndrome and Hypertension
• §Hypertension in Pheochromocytoma and Neural Crest Tumors
• §Hypertension in Thyroid Disease
• §Hyperparathyroidism and Hypertension
• §Prevention of Hypertension and Endocrine Systems
• §Primary Hypertension: How Often Endocrine?
• §Treatment
• §References

Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents

• §Introduction
• §Lipids and Lipoproteins
• §Rationale for Cardiovascular Disease Preventive Measures During Childhood
• §Monogenic Disorders Resulting in High LDL-C Levels
• §Inherited Hypertriglyceridemia
• §Initial Evaluation of Children with Hyperlipidemia
• §Management of Children with Hypercholesterolemia
• §Management of Children with Hypertriglyceridemia
• §Conclusions
• §References

Section IV: Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia in Children

• §Introduction
• §Definition of Hypoglycemia
• §An Overview of Fuel Metabolism
• §Regulation of Insulin Secretion
• §Clinical Manifestations of Hypoglycemia
• §Causes of Hypoglycemia in Infants and Children
• §Determining the Cause of Hypoglycemia
• §Treatment
• §Hypoglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus
• §References

Hypoglycemia in the Newborn

• §Introduction
• §Neonatal Euglycemia and Hypoglycemia
• §Glucose Metabolism
• §Clinical Assessment
• §Preterm AGA Neonates
• §Small for Gestational Age Infants
• §Congenital Heart Disease / Congestive Heart Failure
• §Perinatal Stress/Hypoxia
• §Cold Injury and Sepsis
• §Hyperinsulinism: The Infant of the Diabetic Mother
• §Rh Incompatibility and Hypoglycemia
• §Exchange Transfusion and Umbilical Catheter
• §Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia
• §Hypoglycemia Following Maternal Ethanol Consumption and Miscellaneous Causes
• §Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome
• §Defective Gluconeogenesis/Glycogenolysis
• §Evaluation
• §Treatment
• §References

Emergencies of Inborn Metabolic Disease

• §Introduction
• §Urea Cycle Defects
• §Organic Acidemias
• §Maple Syrup Urine Disease
• §Fatty Acid Oxidation Defects
• §Newborn Screening with Tandem Mass Spectrometry
• §Primary Lactic Acidemias
• §References

Section V: Special Considerations and Resources

Private Practice of Pediatric Endocrinology

• §Introduction
• §Private and Academic Practices
• §Personal Experience
• §Type of Practice
• §Building a New Practice
• §Billing
• §Electronic Medical Records
• §Outreach Clinics
• §Participating in Research
• §Final Considerations
• §References

Clinical Research in Children

• §Introduction
• §Definitions
• §Pediatric Considerations
• §Protocol Design
• §Special Considerations
• §Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine
• §Conclusions
• §References

Reference Charts and Tables Frequently Used by Endocrinologists

• §Standards of Growth
• §Miscellaneous Measurements and Standards
• §Growth Charts for Children with Genetic Conditions

AUTHOR BIO

Fima Lifshitz is President of Pediatric Sunshine Academics, Inc., a non-profit organization committed to pediatric nutrition and endocrine research and education. He is also Senior Nutrition Scientist and Director of Pediatrics, Sansum Medical Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California. Dr. Lifshitz holds academic appointments as Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Miami, Florida, and the Health Science Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn. Dr. Lifshitz is the author of more than 350 scientific papers, review articles, and book chapters. The author or editor of 18 books, Dr. Lifshitz is Editor-in-Chief of the journal Growth, Genetics & Hormones. He was a member of the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics (2001–2005). Dr. Lifshitz is a Diplomate of the American Board of Pediatrics and the American Board of Pediatric Endocrinology. He is particularly proud of having a research center at the Escola da Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil named for him.

REVIEWS

”Pediatric Endocrinology, now in its fifth edition, builds on the strength and progressive improvements of previous editions…This edition features new chapters on obesity and its metabolic consequences. Considering the rising incidence of these conditions in the everyday practice of pediatric endocrinology, these new chapters are welcome.” —Scott A. Rivkees MD, New England Journal of Medicine

”…the editor should be commended to have assembled this very complete, up-to-date, and easy-to-read textbook…Recommended” —Book Reviews

“…Pediatric Endocrinology is characterized by an exceptional blend of rigorous scholarship and pragmatism….I congratulate Dr. Lifshitz on admirable accomplishing the monumental task of editing…a textbook of this magnitude and complexity and ensuring that each chapter meets his exacting standards of scholarship, clinical relevance, and clarity of exposition.” —Joseph I. Wolfsdorf, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (from the foreword)

“…this [textbook] provides the reader with…an update on the latest developments in the field of pediatric endocrinology whil also providing practical information on how this knowledge can be applied to patient care.” —Janet Silverstein, Professor of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, U.S.A. (from the foreword)