Physical Activity and Bone Health

Description

As an increasing amount of research on mechanical loading, exercise, and bone health becomes available, there is a growing need to synthesize and clarify the rapidly evolving information. No other resource fills this need better than the timely Physical Activity and Bone Health—the first book of its kind to examine effective exercise as it contributes to bone health.

This text is written for all “students” of the human movement sciences with an interest in skeletal structure and function. It compiles a wealth of research literature—from the earliest to the most recent studies—making it a time-saving and essential resource.

Physical Activity and Bone Health was written by six highly acclaimed authorities in the field, which adds tremendously to its value. Only in this book will you gain access to such broad and balanced perspectives and a diverse knowledge base.

Emphasizing exercise and its effect on bone, the book’s sections–which can be read in any order–contain current information on these topics:

• Basic anatomy and physiology of the structure and function of bone
• Factors other than exercise that influence bone
• Exercising to maintain a healthy skeleton from childhood through old age
• The role of exercise in preventing perimenopausal bone loss
• Medical issues of bone deterioration
• Questions that require further research

In addition, one section of the book is devoted to practical exercise prescriptions for different stages of life—from childhood and adolescence to adulthood and the elderly years. The exercise prescriptions are safe and effective and can be used by professionals in physical activity, health, and bone fields as a way to optimize bone health.

Physical Activity and Bone Health is richly supported with illustrations, more than 850 references, and 20 chapters that stand alone or can be read together for a comprehensive picture.

For those who wish to explore the frontiers of bone health, Physical Activity and Bone Health is a handy and trusted guide.

Contents

• Preface

Part I. Structure, Function, and Measurement of Bone

• Chapter 1. Anatomy
• Bone's Organic Makeup
• Macroscopic and Microscopic Appearance
• Bone Cells: Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 2. Physiology
• Calcium Homeostasis
• Mechanotransduction
• Modeling and Remodeling
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 3. Biomechanics
• Material Properties of Bone
• Structural Properties of Bone
• Bone's Response to Local Mechanical Loading
• How Physical Activity Generates Loads on Bone
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 4. Measuring the Properties of Bone
• Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
• Quantitative Ultrasound
• Quantitative Computed Tomography
• Measuring Bone Metabolism: Biochemical Markers
• Summary
• References

Part II. Determinants of Bone Mineral Other Than Physical Activity

• Chapter 5. Age, Sex, Genetics, and Race
• Age
• Sex
• Genetics
• Race and Ethnicity
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 6. Soft Tissue Determinants of Bone Mineral Density
• Total Body Mass and BMD
• Lean Mass and BMD
• Fat Mass and BMD
• Soft Tissue in Bone Research Studies
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 7. Influence of Normal Endocrine Function on Bone Mineral
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Effects of Pregnancy and Lactation
• Testosterone
• Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
• Corticosteroid Hormones
• Thyroid Hormone
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 8. Dietary Intake and Bone Mineral
• Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Density at Various Life Stages
• Vitamin D and Bone Mineralization
• Dietary Supplementation and Fracture Risk
• Interaction of Calcium and Physical Activity
• Other Lifestyle Factors and Bone Mineral Density
• Summary
• References

Part III. Evidence and Prescription: A Life Span Approach

• Chapter 9. Measurement of Physical Activity
• Inherent Limitations
• Traditional Methods
• Suggestions for Measuring Physical Activity in Bone Studies
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 10. Physical Activity and Bone in Childhood and Adolescence
• Exercise, Bone Mineral Response, and Age
• Normal Bone Mineral Accrual
• Targeted Bone Loading and Bone Mineral
• Generalized Physical Activity and Bone Mineral
• Exercise Prescriptions
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 11. Physical Activity, Targeted Bone Loading, and Bone Mineral in Premenopausal Women
• Longitudinal Studies: Exercise Intervention
• Cross-Sectional Studies: Athletes Versus Controls
• Longitudinal Studies: Athletes Versus Controls
• Cross-Sectional Studies: Generalized Physical Activity
• Mechanism of Bone Augmentation
• Exercise Prescription
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 12. Physical Activity, Targeted Bone Loading, and Bone Mineral in Postmenopausal Women
• Vertebral BMD and Targeted Bone Loading
• Vertebral BMD and Minimal Bone Loading
• Proximal Femoral BMD and Targeted Bone Loading
• Mechanism of Bone Changes
• Mechanism of Mechanical Load Adaptation
• Exercise Prescription
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 13. Physical Activity and Bone Mineral in Men
• Controlled Trials of Exercise and BMD
• Longitudinal Observational Studies
• Cross-Sectional Studies of Athletes and Controls
• Studies Examining Physical Activity As a Determinant of BMD
• Mechanism of Bone Gain
• Exercise Prescriptions
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 14. Exercise and Fall Prevention
• Falling, Fracture, and Age-Related Physiological Changes Among Older Adults
• Can Exercise Decrease the Incidence of Falls?
• Guidelines for Exercise Prescription
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 15. Exercise Prescription for People With Osteoporosis
• The Problem of Osteoporosis
• Finer Point: Commonly Prescribed Treatments for Osteoporosis
• Exercise Prescriptions
• Summary
• References

Part IV. Intense Physical Activity and Bone Health

• Chapter 16. Skeletal Effects of Menstrual Disturbance
• Delayed Menarche and Bone Mass
• Intense Physical Training and Linear Growth
• Menstrual Disturbance and Bone
• Other Factors Contributing to Osteopenia
• Athlete Menstrual Disturbance and Osteoporosis
• Mechanism of Bone Loss
• Treatment of Amenorrheic Women
• References

• Chapter 17. Stress Fractures
• Continuum of Bone Overuse Injury
• Why Stress Fractures Occur—Pathophysiology
• Clinical Aspects
• Treatment of Stress Fractures
• Risk Factors
• Summary
• References

Part V. Research Opportunities: Physical Activity and Bone Health

• Chapter 18. Getting Involved in Bone Research
• Studies: Bone at the Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Levels
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 19. Research Projects Suitable for a Master's Thesis Course Work
• Studies Appropriate for a Master's Thesis
• Summary
• References

• Chapter 20. Research Projects Suitable for a PhD Thesis
• Recent Bone and Physical Activity Doctoral Theses
• Current Questions in the Field
• Summary
• References

• Appendix A. Tables
• Appendix B. Questionnaires
• Index
• About the Authors

Author

Karim Khan, MD, PhD, is a clinician-scientist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, and a consultant in the osteoporosis program at BC Women's & Children's Hospital. He has conducted extensive bone research. And coauthored the best-selling text Clinical Sports Medicine. He is on the editorial boards of the British Journal of Sports Medicine, Physician and Sportsmedicine and International SportMed Journal.

Heather McKay, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Human Kinetics at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. She also is adjunct professor in the university's department of medicine and an associate in its Institute of Health Promotion Research. For many years, she has conducted research related to the bone health of women and girls and was involved in one of the earliest studies of amenorrhea in collegiate runners. Dr. McKay was key investigator in the University of Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study.

Pekka Kannus, MD, PhD, is chief physician and head of the Accident and Trauma Research Center at the UKK Institute in Tampere, Finland. He also is a professor of injury prevention at the University of Tampere and an associate professor of sports medicine at the University of Jyväskylä in Finland. His scientific work has focused on basic and applied research of the musculoskeletal system of the human body. His primary interest is in bone research and prevention of osteoporotic fractures.

Don Bailey, PhD, is a professor at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Canada, and the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. During his scientific career, he has studied child growth and development and the relationship between bone mineral accrual and physical activity in the growing years. He directed the landmark Saskatchewan Growth Study, a 10-year investigation of growth and physical fitness in school-age children.

John Wark, MD, PhD, is a professor of medicine at the University of Melbourne in Australia. He is head of the Bone and Mineral Service at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the director of the Centre of Osteoporosis and Bone Studies at the same leading teaching hospital campus. As both a specialist in endocrinology and an internationally recognized authority on bone metabolism, Dr. Wark covers a wide range of issues regarding bone, nutrition, and physical activity. He was the principal investigator in the first controlled trial of physical activity intervention in schoolgirls.

Kim Bennell, PT, PhD, is an associate professor in the school of physiotherapy and head of the Centre for Sports Medicine Research and Education at the University of Melbourne in Australia. She also is a director of a private physiotherapy clinic that specializes in exercise prescription in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Dr. Bennell earned her reputation in the bone field for her pivotal stress fracture research and work in physical activity and bone mineral in active people. She is the author of the first prospective study of the risk factors for stress fractures. Dr. Bennell is currently undertaking National Health and Medical Research Council funded research on the effect of ballet training in young girls.